Advantages and Disadvantages for Bulgaria in the European Union
Module: European Union in the International System Reader: Yossi Mekelberg Advantages and Disadvantages for Bulgaria in the European Union By: Dessislava Dimitrova E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 07977981394 Student #: 0402371 University of Buckingham Introduction There has always been one common dream for the peoples who inhabit the continent of Europe-to create a united and powerful country. It is now the first time since the Roman Empire that this chance has been given. As time passed the people of Europe have changed from invading worriers to diplomats, who have been working for the better future of the Union, which they have created. Established in 1957 its goal has been to integrate more countries in Europe and to make a state with no boundaries, both physical and social. Recently, the less developed countries, being either former Soviet Union or Satellites of the USSR, had been offered the help of the older members of the organization in order to integrate themselves and to become a part of the European family. One such country called Bulgaria is situated in a crossroad between the East and the West, between Asia and Europe. Having a population of only 8 million people, Bulgaria has been going through the process of joining the European Union, which will hopefully happen in 2007. Programs such as SAPARD (Special Accession Programme for Agriculture & Rural
Evaluate Samuel Huntington's proposition that 'world politics is entering a new phase' which he terms 'the clash of civilisations'.
Evaluate Samuel Huntington's proposition that 'world politics is entering a new phase' which he terms 'the clash of civilisations'. By Owen Gleeson "The Muslim situation is so desperate. I would gladly give my life for their cause"1 These are not the words of an ill-educated terrorist from the Taliban in Afghanistan or a fundamentalist cleric in Pakistan but the words of a well educated former Iraqi diplomat at a dinner party in an upper middle class area in Amman Jordan. What actions derive such willingness to die? Later in the conservation the man observed" I have nothing to live for. I have lost my culture, my homeland, my honour. I have lost my religion2." Why would a man give up so much? People's culture is the very essence of a civilization. Are we now living in a period of time that with the spread of globalization people are losing their identities? There are many people who envisage a 'clash of civilizations'. For others it has already happened. The clash of civilizations is a controversial theory in international relations. It was originally formulated in an article by Samuel P. Huntington entitled "The Clash of Civilizations?" published in the academic journal Foreign Affairs in 1993. Huntington later expanded his thesis in a 1996 book "The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order". Huntington's main ideas are that conflicts have always been marked
This essay will argue that the EU does not have the political will (consensus) or the military capability to control their security without support from NATO.
European security and defence identity (ESDI) Thesis This essay will argue that the EU does not have the political will (consensus) or the military capability to control their security without support from NATO. Additionally, the creation of a pan European defence force does not mean the beginning of the end for a European role in NATO. The time frame for this essay will concentrate for the most part on the period following the signing of the Maastricht Treaty. Although there had been initiatives in the past 4 decades (prior to the Maastricht Treaty) to create a common or mutual defence agreement. Introduction European Integration from the Common Market to the single European Currency to the beginnings of a Common Foreign and Security Policy is an attempt in moving beyond the nation state. This move towards political integration by the development of a common defences outside of, but not opposed to NATO is an interesting issue faced by the EU (Leslie, 1996). The question of changing ties in the development of a rival organization (Eurocorps) to the alliance that has been at the heart of European defence for decades (NATO) will be examined. The attitude of some Member States will never allow the development of a distinct EU defense identity beyond NATO (MacKinnon , 2000). The shape of the political world has been changing rapidly in the past 15 years. The end of the
'What is the ethical status of Weapons of Mass Destruction?'
War, peace and International Ethics Katie Barratt Essay 1 4. 'What is the ethical status of Weapons of Mass Destruction?' "The unleashed power of the atom has changed everything except our mode of thinking" Albert Einstein The debate concerning weapons of mass destruction (WMD) began with the strategic use of nuclear weapons at Hiroshima and Nagasaki (6 and 9 August 1945). Throughout the Cold War, nuclear weapons, their possible use and consequences, were high on the ethical discussion agenda. However, in the post Cold-War era, new types of WMD have come into the forum: biological and chemical weapons. As early as 9 February 1989, President George Bush claimed that 'Chemical weapons must be banned from the face of the earth, never to be used again...And the spread of nuclear weapons stopped'. These anxieties were compounded by the Gulf War (1991), the belated admission by President Boris Yeltsin of the covert biological warfare programme of the former Soviet Union (February 1992) and the subsequent revelations about the extent of the Iraqi NBC (nuclear, biological and chemical) programmes1. The recent use of chemical and biological weapons and the increased probability of their use has awakened the ethical debate on this issue. The term weapons of mass destruction attempts to distinguish these NBC weapons from conventional weapons by their capacity to
No two world events have reshaped the relationship between Asia and Australia, and Australia's perception of Asia more than World War Two (1939 - 1942) and the Vietnam War (1962 - 1972).
Intro No two world events have reshaped the relationship between Asia and Australia, and Australia's perception of Asia more than World War Two (1939 - 1942) and the Vietnam War (1962 - 1972). As a result, today Australia's highest foreign policy is Asia and we have developed a relationship in many sectors - political, economic, social, cultural, military and security. However, the recent rejection of Australia into the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) has demonstrated Australia still has a long way to go to achieve a positive relationship with its closest neighbours. Unlike any other country in the world, Australia has a unique combination of geography and culture. European born and geographically Asian, Australia is inexplicably tied to both regions. Consequently, the dialectic between these two regions is extremely complicated. Whilst English is still the first language, Australia is deeply integrated with Asia. As Keating argues "hundreds of thousands of jobs continue to depend of Asian markets, Australia's security is shaped there" (Keating 2000 p27), Australia's Asian population is constantly growing. Consequently, as Alexander Downer stated ""We have substantial and abiding interest at stake in the region and we would neglect those interests at our very great peril" (Downer 1999 p22) Australia's relationship with Asia is perpetually changing. Factors
Why were realists such as Waltz and Mearsheimer against the US invasion of Iraq? In what ways did the invasion violate the assumptions of their respective theories, defensive and offensive realism?
Why were realists such as Waltz and Mearsheimer against the US invasion of Iraq? In what ways did the invasion violate the assumptions of their respective theories, defensive and offensive realism? .Introduction Security issues have always been the focus of the theory and practice of international relations. In this essay we examine the two theories arising from main realism concept - offensive and defensive realism as well as their authors thoughts on nowadays worlds order and how their theories and opinions are (or can be) connected to the U.S invasion of Iraq in year 2003 and how can the decisions made by the state authorities can be explained and why they are not relevant to these theories that are supported by many realist. I will present you a view on Iraq war as well as the main causes and reasons of the war and the consequences that we can already see today. 2. Possible reasons and cause of U.S Invasion of Iraq. First of all I find necessary to collect some main thoughts on backgrounds and causes of the US invasion of the Iraq in year 2003. Many authors, politicians and journalists have expressed their opinions on US invading Iraq, and as we will later see, there are more than one particular explanation of United States deciding to invade Iraq the depend on many factors and theories, we will be taking a look at our main theoretical explanations of the
Is Military Intervention in Africa Successful? A Discussion of
Is Military Intervention in Africa Successful? A Discussion of UK Policy on the African Continent Jack Straw once commented that if a stone was thrown through the window of the British Embassy in Kinshasa, he would consider it 'not a an immediate threat to British security' but nevertheless we should not 'take the view that conflicts such as the war in the Congo are none of our business'.1 In just two lines Straw manages to condense the ambiguities of UK African policy, so often derided as limited, reactive and pragmatic in the extreme.2 If these conflicts are our business as he suggests, then why? Are we under moral or humanitarian obligation to make them our business, or do more urgent international security concerns come to mind? Indeed, how would we intervene, if at all? These questions he does not answer. In quantifying the relative successes of UK foreign policy therefore, it is the purpose of this essay to show that New Labour's 'Ethical' agenda has failed to be legitimately twinned with a shift to security-centric concerns. It is not the place of this piece to judge UK intervention in terms of scale or morality, but instead to highlight that not only has our success been limited by sporadic and inconsistent action, but also that growing emphasis on self interest and security (especially since 9/11) has proved generally irreconcilable with 'ethical' policies of
What is policing?
Siobhain Bowen Option 2 Essay Policing and Social Order Intro-What is policing? Policing is what police officers do. In a common usage, most people understand the term 'policing' to mean the law enforcement, investigation and peacekeeping activities undertaken by police officers. Indeed, the Concise English Dictionary defines the noun 'police' as the 'civil force of a state responsible for maintaining public order.' (Jones and Newburn, 1998) There is however, common use of the term 'policing' which most often refers to broader 'social control activities.' Activities having to do with policing are in a sense, undertaken by parents, teachers... and a whole range of people, as well as members of the police force. Do to much confusion on the term and the way policing is used, there is an underlying need to be clear about what constitutes policing. Police is usually understood as the organized civil force of a state, dealing with detection and prevention of crime and maintenance of law and order. The police are "...persons with a special legal status employed by governments to preserve the peace" (Shearing, Farnell & Stenning 1980 I p 16). In the 20th century, man has gradually accepted these men as the sole and ultimate source for performing such tasks but it must be added that today neither employers nor employees necessarily are connected to governments. Policing is not even
An Analysis and Evaluation of the United Nations Peacekeeping Role in Rwanda
An Analysis and Evaluation of the United Nations Peacekeeping Role in
An Analysis and Evaluation of the United Nations Peacekeeping Role in Rwanda.
ASSIGNMENT 1: POVERTY, CONFLICT AND SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION Code: OA 5451 An Analysis and Evaluation of the United Nations Peacekeeping Role in Rwanda Total Word Count: 2,702 Introduction 316 "Rwanda is the most shameful example of recent failure by the international community" (House of Commons, 1998/99: v). Under the peacekeeping leadership of UN more than 800,000 people were killed in less than 100 days in 1994 (Shawcross 2000). This systematic killing remains a bitter memory for all who witnessed and survived it. Rwandans killed Rwandans, decimating the Tutsi population of the country and also targeting moderate Hutus. Lamentably the peacekeepers did not prevent the genocide, nor did they stop it once it started. This failure has left deep wounds within Rwandan society, and seriously questioned their relationship with the international community, in particular the United Nations (UN 2000). These wounds need healing, for the sake of peace and tranquility. Establishing the truth is a necessity under the circumstance, especially for the United Nations and also for all those, wherever they may live, who might be vulnerable to future genocide. In seeking to establish the truth about the role of UN during the genocide this article sets out to analyse and evaluate the role of the various UN systems, in particular the Secretary-General, the