M. Gilbert, The Roots of Appeasement (1966), p. 187. In this extract Gilbert defends the policy of appeasement and breaks with the orthodox view of Cato.

3. M. Gilbert, The Roots of Appeasement (1966), p. 187. In this extract Gilbert defends the policy of appeasement and breaks with the orthodox view of Cato. Gilbert points out that appeasement was a policy that the government had adopted after the First World War and had continued to follow after the Second World War. The notable exception to this rule being Suez, which helps to underline how any other policy would be misguided. Gilbert points out that it is wrong to blame the National Government, though mainly Chamberlain, for the policy of appeasement as it was merely the continuation of a long-term policy. It was an attempt to prevent the mistakes of the past, the First World War, being repeated again. Appeasement would help to correct the mistakes of the Treaty of Versailles, notably legitimate German grievances. It was hoped that through this peace could be achieved in Europe. It is pointed out that it was only through the "aggressive, irresponsible behaviour" that appeasement failed, not through the British government. Gilbert also recognises the "morality" in appeasement, suggesting that it was moral as the government had gone through all avenues to attain peace before going to war. Gilbert's The Roots of Appeasement is an example of how the view of Cato's Guilty Men was finally being challenged by the mid 1960s. This orthodox view had

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How far do these sources support the view that the solution to the Irish Question failed due to the obstruction of Irish Nationalists?

How far do these sources support the view that the solution to the Irish Question failed due to the obstruction of Irish Nationalists? Irish agitators had acted deliberately to obstruct, but not to hinder the British administration. Peaceful tactics produced mass support and a hold on the balance of power pushing both Conservatives and Liberals to bid for support via offering concessions. Nevertheless, there was a deep seated undercurrent of mistrust towards the British and although some nationalists aimed to provide an ambiguous solution to the Irish Question, the problem still mutated into an unsolvable entity. The misdeeds of the government prepared the fervent nationalists to radicalize causing politicization. The Irish issue became unsolvable, proceeding to have no bearing on the true social issues of the time. The division of the Fenians and Irish agitators blocked a resolution, as they were incapable of uniting under one strong leadership in a single direction, as many would never be ready to compromise with the government. John Mitchel, the founder of Fenianism set this negativity in motion as his writings in 1868 expressed a stubbornness to accept a British administration and a hatred of non-violent activity. It is obvious from writing, there was a divide between the diplomacy of many such as Parnell who believed in a "more christian and charitable way", and the

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How successful were the liberal the conflicts with the House of Lords in 1909?

How successful were the liberal the conflict with the House of Lords in 1909 Liberal had reduced the veto power of House of Lords in legislative program by holding a general election soon after the rejection of "people's" budget in 1909, which is ultimately to redistribute the wealth of the rich such as increasing taxation to higher salary earners, requiring surveys to land for taxation. It is argued that to what extend liberal had succeeded in this impact. Four aspects of Britain was brought to evaluate this, continuing social reform, House of Lords reform, national security enhancement, and resettlement of home rule. In the first place, to bring out a social reform was liberal's primary purpose, and they were successful in the respect of the fact that they had achieved it. Liberal enforced a series of domestic policies so as to bring out a radical reform within society in a sense of founding a welfare state and ascending the national efficiency. This brought back to an idea of state support of individual well-being, and, in turn, demanded a fairly large amount of money to implement. For example, national insurance act in 1911 was to provide a payment of 50p a week for a person who was off work because of illness, and disablement payment was 25p. The old age pension act introduced a non-contributory scheme, providing 25p a week as rights to those over 70. In addition, the

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Reform the Home Buying and Selling Process

Reform the Home Buying and Selling Process In order to objectively and critically deal with the task at hand, one has to take all three sources of information available; the two reports from the DETR and the government proposal; and dissect them into smaller units. Done that the next process should involve comparing units of similar subjects to one another, starting at the deficiencies, then comparing the proposals of the government to the consultation paper in order to assess to what degree the government proposal adhere to it, or don´t, i.e., which points are left out of consideration, and finally set it against the flaws of the whole selling and buying process, as documented in the research papers of the DETR. The emphasis that is given from the very beginning is the idea of better preparation by means of acquiring as much information as possible by and for both the buyers and sellers. The first measure discussed; the seller´s information pack, in a very satisfactory manner adheres to the recommendations made by the DETR. Compared to the research results: "...Only 8% of sellers assemble their title deeds before accepting an offer. A similar proportion put an information pack together containing guarantees and any past surveys. Only 2% instruct their solicitors to prepare a draft contract." These flaws could then be abolished, if the seller sticks to the

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In what way did the Government try to hide the effect of the Blitz from the British People?

In what way did the Government try to hide the effect of the Blitz from the British People? In September of 1940 the British Government was caught unaware, when Hitler commenced his bombing of Britain's major cities, particularly London, the seat of Government and the countries capital. The Government aware of these problems undertook a damage limitations programme to hide the effect of the Blitz from the public. Censorship and propaganda were the methods they used to achieve this. Newspapers continued to be printed as their absence would have alarmed people, but the Government, who had total control over what was written and photographed, heavily diluted the articles regarding the severity of the Blitz. An article published by the Daily Mirror on September 9th 1940 demonstrated the use of effective language when describing an attack as Londoners " coolly 'patching up' the damaged spots " However then describing retaliation as "'like all hell let loose', the whole of London's defence barrage roared and crashed into action, heralding the return of the raiders". In some cases, the truth was too devastating that stories were never printed. For example the Balham bomb, which broke a water main, resulting in the drowning of 64 people in an underground station only became known after the war. Radio and newsreel information was also heavily censored. Frequently the Pathe News

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To what extent was popular pressure an important factor in determining the progress of the campaign for parliamentary reformin the period 1780-1885?

To what extent was popular pressure an important factor in determining the progress of the campaign for parliamentary reform in the period 1780-1885? Parliamentary reform was a multi-causal landed elite led campaign in the name of the aristocracy. It was the MPs and the Lords who attained the power and even by the end of 1885 there was still no universal manhood suffrage. Although popular pressure was notable, it was only periodically important. A number of other key factors allowed the three reform acts to be passed by 1885. The desire to prevent revolution and the reactionary nature of government was an extension of popular pressure and contributed to the first to reform acts in different ways. The need to gain party advantage, and to 'dish the liberals' in the case of the Conservatives, was prevalent throughout the century. McCauley's notion to 'reform that you may preserve' and the wish to gain personal advantage over each party's counterpart was also significant throughout the campaign period. Pre-1832 the reform movement was mainly a popular movement. By 1782, the Conservative Pitt the Younger raised hopes of modest parliamentary reform. In 1785 Pitt proposed a modest reform bill, however it was defeated 248-174. The French Revolution of 1789 stimulated reformist sentiments and thus created more popular support for the movement, even prompting the creation of

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Existing Phenomenon in Transport Planning.

Existing Phenomenon in Transport Planning Low Level of Public Participation Given the increased politicization of urban development, it is perhaps not surprising that by the end of 1980s the Government should have become more interested in strengthening the planning system and finding ways of involving the public more closely in decision making (Barlow, 1995). However, the Government not enthusiastic in inviting the public participating in decision-making process. Although communication channels are provided for the public, it is still not effective enough to reflect people's transport needs. Despite both formal and informal channels, the publics still do not have sufficient channels to participate. The formal channels are established by the Government. They are the Transport Advisory Committee, the Traffic and Transport Committees of District Boards, the Standing Panel on Transport of the LegCo, the Transport Department and the Legislative Council. However, not all the Hong Kong citizens have the ability and power to use these formal channels to have direct communication with the Government. Outside the establishment are informal channels, where the people can voice their opinions to the Government via the media. However, these people are professional bodies, members of the transport industry, and operators in the trade, and not the general public (Tam, 1989). Uneven

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Explain Briefly the unrest in Britain 1815-21

Structured Question Explain Briefly the unrest in Britain 1815-21 This period has been said to be the closest Britain has come to a revolution with he 17th century civil war. Lord Liverpool, the Tory government faced massive problems, most of these problems being inherited from his predecessors. Matters were made werse by the intensifying radical movement which was trying to win over the working class by use of radical press and open air meetings. The agricultural and industrial revolution increased pressure on the government even more. Increasing populaion increased demand on the land. A massive agrarian change resulted in more efficient use of land, this meant that land that was previously 'common land' was now takn away from the poor, it also meant that they lost the right to collect their fuel from the land. The entire situation was worsened by the introduction of Game Laws in 1816. Alongside the agricultural changes was an even bigger industrial development. Demand to ffed and clothe this rising population meant an inecitable change from domestic based industry to large scale urban industry. Urban growth and the Industial revolution went hand in hand for example population increases in towns like Manchester went along with industrial developments in the region to fed and clothe the population. The industrial revolution however, did not come without its consequences.

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  • Subject: Social studies
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Why did the Tsar fall?

Why Did the Tsar fall? The Tsar became the commander of the army in August 1915. He took over in person as the commander-in chief of the army, and went to live at the front. His ministers and Rodzianko, president of the Duma, warned him that this might be a fatal mistake as he would be linked with any failure of the army. The generals felt that unless the Tsar was removed there could be no victory. The Empress of Russia was Alexandra. With Nicholas at the front, Alexandra took charge of the government. Russians hated her because she was a German and because of the hold Rasputin has over her. Bruce Lockhart kept a diary during his stay in Moscow. An entry for 1915 said: 'Today an officer telephoned to ask when England was going to rid Russia of "the German woman". This, of course, was a reference to the Empress. Rasputin was a peasant from Siberia who became a starets or Holy Man. In 1905 in St Petersburg he was introduced to Tsar Nicholas' family. Soon Rasputin gained a hold over Nicholas and Alexandra. His power came from his ability to heal their son and heir, Alexis, who suffered from haemophilia (this meant his blood would not clot). If Alexis hurt himself, Rasputin could stop the boy bleeding to death From August 1915 Rasputin became Alexandra's chief adviser. Messages to Tsar Nicholas from Alexandra suggest how Rasputin helped choose ministers, and

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Social studies
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Examine the Decision making process in Congress. How do you explain the results that emerge from this process?

Examine the Decision making process in Congress. How do you explain the results that emerge from this process? One of the most important responsibilities a Member of Congress has is to vote. Members are called upon hundreds of times a year to cast a yea or nay on a wide selection of bills, motions, and amendments. Votes on floor amendments refine policy proposals reported from congressional committees. Votes on procedural motions may decide whether a specific issue is even debated. Votes on final passage lead to new laws for the nation. Members take voting very seriously the overall average rate of participation for Members in the last few Congress has been 95% of all votes held. In 1998, sixteen Senators and nine Representatives had perfect scores, registering 100% participation. The questions Members are asked to decide include all the contemporary issues of the day gun control, school safety, abortion rights, education assistance, environmental programs, social security reform, Medicare costs, trade with China and many more. Laws may be initiated in either chamber of Congress, the House of Representatives or the Senate. For an example of how a law is made in the US I am going to start with a bill created in the House of Representatives. When a Representative has an idea for a new law, s/he becomes the sponsor of that bill and introduces it by giving it to the clerk

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Social studies
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