Affirmative Action in Employment and Education: Pros and Cons
Name: Institution: Course: Tutor: Date: Affirmative Action in Employment and Education: Pros and Cons Definition Affirmative action refers to giving preferential treatment to a certain group of vulnerable individuals in admission to institutions of higher learning such as universities or in employment in private sector or the government (Tomasson, Crosby & Herzberger 11). This kind of preferential treatment has its advantages and disadvantages in both areas of employment and education where it is applied. Pros of affirmative action in education and employment a) Diversity Affirmative action promotes diversity which is desirable and may fail to occur if policies are lacking. Part of an individual learning process is interaction with other individuals of different races and nationalities (Kellough 70). Many students are subject to segregation up until they start college. Interaction in institutions like universities is enhanced by affirmative action as it allows minorities to mix with others. This creates realization that both groups are actually the same apart from their skin colour. b) Provides boost to disadvantaged students Affirmative action boosts minorities in areas where they would have suffered discrimination (Kellough 76). Discrimination starts at an early stage for students. For instance, discrimination starts during the college or job application
LGBT studies. History and future of same sex marriage in the US
Traditionally in this country, marriage has been defined as a religious and legal commitment between a man and woman, as well as a public expression of love and commitment. Homosexuality and, in turn, homosexual relationships are slowly, but surely, gaining acceptance in this country. However, as of yet, these couples have largely been banned from getting married. Some states have bestowed a few of the benefits and rights of marriage to gay couples under the provisions of new forms of commitment called "civil unions", which are essentially marriages without the use of the word "marriage". Many politicians have said they are against gay marriage but think it should be left up to the states to decide. However, the "full faith and credit" clause of the Constitution says that if one state makes a law, other states must recognize it. Thus, if one state allows a gay marriage and that couple moves to another state, the other state must recognize that marriage. This in effect allows one state to make same-sex marriage legal in the entire country. Many politicians are calling for amendments to their state constitution or the U.S. Constitution to explicitly ban gay marriage, and many others have spoken out in support of the legalization of gay marriage. The history of this issue had been long and tumultuous, with many different actions being taken in various areas of the country. Buried
Men are different from women, not only biologically, but also sociologically.
Introduction Men are different from women, not only biologically, but also sociologically, as the male and female sex is gendered by society (human beings, are treated, taught differently since the moment they are born because of their sex). Men and women are expected to behave in accordance to the characteristics attributed to them by the society they live in. Geography is not an exception, and by underplaying the contribution of gender, geographers have failed to pay sufficient attention to domestic and private spaces, or to the activities practiced by women. The book Gender, Identity and Place: Understanding Feminist Geographies, by Linda McDowell, tries to explain how gender is linked to Geography, and how time and space are important to understand the transformations occurred in certain societies, cultures and to access its differences between feminist and masculinity. Geography has always been extremely connected to geopolitics and economics, which means, that Geography have been linked to governmental institutions, directed by men. In other words, we can say that Geography was a reflection of a construction of the discipline by men. Women's emancipation began to emerge during the World War II, however only during the decade of the 1970s, women started to explore the geography's fields. And once recognised the implicit masculine bias prevalent within the various
A major problem today is how society and the agents of society have persuaded the world's population to judge ourselves as lower than others. Alicia Moore's (Pink) song "Don't Let Me Get Me" depicts this problem - Discuss.
Introduction A major problem today is how society and the agents of society have persuaded the world's population to judge ourselves as lower than others. Alicia Moore's (Pink) song "Don't Let Me Get Me" depicts this problem. The following paper describes the problem through socialization, family as an agent of socialization, gender, mass media, and roles. These concepts are then shown through the conflict perspective. Society and many of its aspects are influential in our viewing of ourselves as less than those around us. Conceptual Framework and Literature Review There are five Sociological concepts that I have used in explaining "Don't Let Me Get Me" by Pink. They are socialization, family, gender, mass media, and roles. Socialization in many discussions focus on childhood, adolescence, or our pre- adult life and how this lays a foundation which plays a significant role in our self-concept and social life for the rest of our lives (Brym, 2001, page50). Similarly, (Ambercrombie, Hill, and Turner, 2000, page 329) states "Socialization may be divided into three stages." These stages are first socialization of a child within his or her family, second is socialization within his or her school, and finally one's socialization as an adult. Socialization may also be defined as "the process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate for individuals as
Gender differences in education
Introduction 'Choice' is a concept which tends to be regarded highly within any democratic society (Croxford, 2000). Allowing pupils to choose the subjects that they study, between the ages of fourteen to sixteen gives them more ownership of their curriculum, and reduces the likelihood that they will be alienated by an over prescriptive curriculum according to Croxford (2000). However, choice can become a problem when the individual responsible for making the choices can be influenced by the values and attitudes of others within society as well as structural barriers that they may encounter. It is believed that the introduction of the National Curriculum in 1988 had many implications for gender and education. Girls as well has boys would be legally required to study science until the age of sixteen, and boys would be required to take a foreign language as well as English up until the age of sixteen. Before the National Curriculum was implemented many girls had 'opted' out of science based subjects as these were often perceived as masculine subjects. As had many boys 'opted' out of languages, art and design and social studies as these were often perceived as feminine subjects (Kenway, 1995). This seminar paper shall firstly look at the underlying principles of the National Curriculum, then it shall look at the structure and content of the National Curriculum, and then
How can attention to issues of gender help us to understand popular cinema?
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY How can attention to issues of gender help us to understand popular cinema? For many of us, media has been an important source of information about the world we live in. It is seen as a powerful tool that shape up our attitudes and beliefs by using different medium such as television, documentaries, soap operas, magazines, films, newspapers and adverts which contain images of women and men that feed us into, or challenge, our ideas about gender. Each of these images and ideas contain a colossal amount of information and that you will be able to see the shift in an ideological way of presenting the differences in gender and that such changes can also be seen through the different age of popular cinema. REPRESENTATION OF GENDER IN THE PAST Films, especially those from Hollywood, were criticized for producing feminist criticism and gay and lesbian stereotyping which reflect to the position of such movements that are linked to the concern questions of gender and sexuality (Smelik. A, 2000:134). Here, let us first look into the issue of binary oppositions between men and women that through past Hollywood cinema the ideology of masculinity has not only established men as being more powerful, effective and competent than women; it thereby too encodes the notion of strength, agency and competence themselves as male! Angry Men, Touch of Evil, High Noon as well
How the Results were obtained
Stephen Watt Communications and Information Technology Assessed Project Part 1 - Excel Report Word count 858 words How the Results were obtained Firstly the data was sorted in ascending order by the categories 'male' and 'married'. This helped find where the boundaries for the four categories were. It was found that: * Single males lie between 3976-5664 * Married males lie between 5665-7641 * Single females lie between 1-1863 * Married females lie between 1864-3975 Using the 'count if' function within the range of f3976: f5644 the number of cells which contained 1 were counted this displayed the number of single male respondents who were self-employed. In the cell below, for the same, the cells containing 2 were counted this showed the number of single male respondents who were employed. This was completed for all of the 16 cells. As a check the sum of each column was taken and matched against the number of respondents in each gender and marital status category. As a double check the sum totals were taken and checked against the total number of respondents. For the second section the distribution of length of Unemployment over Gender and marital status was calculated. Again the data was sorted but this time by 'male', 'married' and 'status' so the unemployed respondents could be easily distinguished. This time the range was different, as it was
the image of woman and man in advertisement
The Image of Woman and Man in Contemporary Advertisement by Aleksandra Czoska WSHE 2008 ''Advertising may be described as the science of arresting the human intelligence long enough to get money from it'', said Stephen Leacock. He probably stated an undisputable truth as we now see our world full of advertisements everywhere we are and everywhere we go. Advertising invites us into a world of appearances, constructed by verbal and visual symbols used to associate these images with specific. To do it advertisers had to ''marry the product with something everyone, or almost everyone, thought of and wanted-sex'', where in a male-dominated industry, sex was eqaul with women. When female bodies started popping up in ads ''feminists cried foul'' because of ''women's stereotyped and objectified images'' Modern advertising is an annual multi-billion Dollar business in United States of America. Advertising is everywhere - on television, in magazines, in cinemas, on countless web pages, on trains and even on milk-cartons. In fact, advertisements are so common in our times that we do not even realize we are looking at them anymore. They try to reach not only our mailboxes, but also our minds and in doing so, they contribute to the image we shape of women and men in our culture. The debate, whether the portrayal of woman and man in advertising is a serious or overrated issue, has
What can the study of gender relations tell us about the 'social construction' of 'human' and 'physical' geographies?
What can the study of gender relations tell us about the 'social construction' of 'human' and 'physical' geographies? Karl Marx (1881-83) was the first person to establish the link between intellectual agenda and place in society known as 'Social Constructionism'. He famously stated that, "it is not the consciousness of men that determines their social being, but, on the contrary, their social being that determines their consciousness." The term 'social construction' is not necessarily how the society is constructed but more about how it is perceived to be constructed. Where stereotypical attitudes have led to the perception of the world social structure being in one way, and because of these attitudes, society becomes structured in that way. Social Constructionism is now based around the studies of nature, gender, race and the economy. In this case I am looking at only gender, a key writer in this field has been G. Rose, in the writing of her book; Feminism and Geography. The study of feminist geographies looks at how gender and geographies are structured and changed. The Dictionary of Human Geography defined gender and geography as 'the study of the various ways that genders and geographies are mutually constituted' (Johnston et al 2000). Gradually theories of gender were dropped and ideas of gender relations and their effect in the world were raised, as feminist
Gender and the Brain.
Gender and the Brain You've heard the saying more than once. "Men are from mars, women are from venus." It's always been obvious that differences exist between men and women. The theory that brains differ, however, was not so clear. Now research is confirming that the brains of men and women are subtly different. The findings could lead to sex-specific alterations in treatments for diseases such as depression. You don't have to be a Nobel laureate to figure out that women and men are different from each other. It's well known that humans have gender-specific characteristics, including female and male reproductive organs. But what about the organ that controls all body activities ranging from breathing to emotion? Could female brains differ from male brains? The idea has been debated for years. Now accumulating research, which includes human psychological and physical imaging studies, shows that there are indeed subtle brain differences between the sexes. The research, conducted by female and male scientists, is leading to: A better understanding of gender. Possible alterations in the details of certain treatments. In the late 1960s and early 1970s scientists found the first clear evidence that brain differences exist, in rodents at least. One study showed differences in nerve cell body size in an area of the brain known as the hypothalamus, which is important for