An investigation into the determination of Km and Vmax values for Alkaline Phosphatase
"Alkaline Phosphatase: So what can enzymes tell us?" Contents Page Contents Page Number Introduction 3 Method 4 Preliminary Experiment 4 Preliminary Results 6 Preliminary Graph 7 Main Experiment 7 Results 9 Scattergraph to show rates of reaction 11 Determination of Vmax and Km values 12 Lineweaver-Burk Plot 13 Discussion 14 Conclusion 14 Evaluation 16 References 18 An investigation into the determination of Km and Vmax values for Alkaline Phosphatase INTRODUCTION The term alkaline phosphatase, ALP, is applied to a group of enzymes with low substrate specificity that catalyse the hydrolysis of a wide range of phosphate esters at alkaline pHs. Within the human body, various isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase exist. Isoenzymes are different forms of an enzyme, varying typically in the amino acid sequence of the enzyme however each catalyses the same reaction. This is because isoenzymes represent enzymes from different genes that catalyse the same reaction. These various isoenzymes exhibit different kinetic parameters, such as Km and Vmax values, and this can therefore be used to distinguish between them. Physiologically, alkaline phosphatase is present in all tissues throughout the entire body, but is particularly concentrated in osteoblasts and the biliary tract1. It is the aim of this experimental investigation to determine the Km and Vmax values
In light of reduced uptake of the triple MMR vaccination, how do we increase protection levels to WHO recommended levels (95%) and protect the revenues of XYZ Pharmaceuticals
Masters of Business Administration (MBA) Full-time Techniques In strategic Consultancy 2001-2002 session Professor: Dr Geoff Coyle In light of reduced uptake of the triple MMR vaccination, how do we increase protection levels to WHO recommended levels (95%) and protect the revenues of XYZ Pharmaceuticals Submitted by: Julie O'Brien Reviewed problem with: Andrew Garnett Lawrence Rosedale Contents Part A 3 Viable Firm Matrices 3 Purpose 3 Nature 3 Potential Uses 3 Part B 4 Introduction 4 Influence Diagram 4 TOWS Analysis 5 TOWS Potential Action Plan 6 Viable Strategy Matrix 7 Congruence Analysis 8 Resource Analysis 8 Force Field Analysis 10 Recomendations 11 Part C 12 Limitations and Benefits of the technique 12 Figures Figure 1 Viable Firm Matrix 3 Figure 2 Influence Diagram 5 Figure 3 TOWS analysis 6 Figure 4 Action Set from TOWS analysis 6 Figure 5 Assumptions Made To Create Action Plan 7 Figure 6 Action Plan Groups 7 Figure 7 Viable Strategy Matrix 8 Figure 8 Congruence Analysis 9 Figure 9 Resource Analysis 9 Figure 10 Force Field Analysis - Protection Levels 10 Figure 11 Force Field Analysis - Market Share 11 Part A Viable Firm Matrices Purpose The Viable Firm Matrix aids the identification of realistic ways forward for a complex problem. It does this by asking for the key factors involved in the problem to be
Schizophrenia - Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Therapies
Schizophrenia Physiology Schizophrenia has been known to be a psychiatric disorder affecting 1% of the world's population1, which affects the brain in a physiological approach and it's known to be a progressive life-long illness1. The brain is part of the nervous system. The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) make up the nervous system. The central nervous system consists of both the brain and the spinal chord while the peripheral nervous system consists of the network of nerves, which are all linked to the spinal chord and the brain. The CNS makes up the largest part of the nervous system, which controls everything in the body, both the CNS and the PNS has major impact in the way our behaviour and emotions are controlled (all activities of the body)2. The brain, which controls our emotions, thoughts and movement, can be found in the cranial cavity, the brain is also known to control the autonomic functions which are our unconscious actions such as heart rate, digestion, breathing etc2. The brain consists of soft delicate neural tissues, which is protected by the skull, meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid. The brain can be divided into three main parts, which are: the forebrain which consist of the cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus and the limbic system, the midbrain which consists of the tectum and tegmentum, they tend to make the largest
Pharmacology. The use of co-beneldopa and selegiline in the treatment of Parkinsons disease
Pharmacology – Principles and Practice The use of co-beneldopa and selegiline in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease Drugs as stated by Luty and Harrison (1997) are chemical compounds which produce a desirable physiological or psychological effect when administered. This essay will discuss two different drugs which are used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, co-beneldopa and selegiline hydrochloride. All drugs are absorbed, distributed and then excreted (Luty and Harrison, 1997), so this essay will discuss pharmacokinetics and look at what happens to the drug once it has been administered and what effects the drug has on the body (Neal, 1992), It will also look at pharmacodynamics, the way the body affects the drug (Neal, 1992). Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative condition and second to Alzheimer's disease (Allcock, 2007). It is a progressive neurological condition and affects one person in every five hundred, which is about one hundred and twenty thousand people in the United Kingdom (Parkinson’s UK, 2011). Most Parkinson's disease sufferers are aged fifty or over but younger people can get it too, one in twenty is under the age of forty (Parkinson UK, 2011). An earlier onset can be due to acute encephalitis, carbon monoxide poisoning or metallic poisoning (Beckford-Bell, 2006). The disease results in motor symptoms including tremor,
Case study 6 George: an unquenchable thirst
Case study 6 George, an unquenchable thirst. George was a thirty eight year old man enjoying a holiday in Spain who developed thirst and polyuria. He had no other symptoms. When he arrived home he consulted his doctor and had a urine test. There was no glycosuria. Subsequently, a blood sample was taken and the results were obtained: Serum: Calcium 3.24 mmol/l Phosphate 1.20mmol/l Alkaline phosphatise 90 iu/l Urea 10.0 mmol/l Creatinine 150 mmol/l George was a non smoker and was admitted to hospital for investigation. He had previously been well, apart from some joint pain and a painful rash on his legs several months before which has resolved spontaneously. A chest radiography showed some increased hilar shadowing but was otherwise normal. No bony abnormality was seen on skeletal radiographs. George was slightly dehydrated and was given an intravenous saline infusion. Despite a good dieresis, the serum calcium was unchanged. He was then given hydrocortisone, 40mg, three times daily, and a week later the serum calcium was 2.80 mmol/l. At this time, the result of a PTH assay on blood taken on admission became available; no PTH could be detected Introduction George, a 38 years old has presented to his GP with symptoms of thirst, polyuria and dehydration. He has a history of joint pain and a painful rash on his legs. Blood tests were carried out
Comparing the dissolution of tablets and capsules. The purpose of this experiment is to test the dissolution of previously prepared capsules containing different paracetamol formulations, and commercial formulations, in order to highlight the difference
DISSOLUTION TESTING OF TABLETS & CAPSULES Practical 4 INTRODUCTION Dissolution involves the relocation of a solute molecule from an environment where it is surrounded by identical molecules (with which it forms intermolecular attractions) into a liquid where it is surrounded by non-identical molecules. Optimal drug dissolution is crucial to the success of oral drug therapy. Slow dissolution can be correlated with poor performance of oral dosage in vivo, and drugs of low aqueous solubility provide a major challenge during the design of oral dosage forms. Solid oral dosage forms need to be in solution before absorption occurs; dissolution is often the rate limiting step in absorption of a drug and can control the overall bioavailability of the drug. Dissolution is important for the bioavailability of oral solid dosage . The rate of drug dissolution of solids can be described using the Noyes-Whitney equation. Dm/dt = DA ( Cs - C) h Dm/dt = rate of drug dissolution at time t, D = the diffusion rate constant A= surface area of particle Cs =Concentration of drug in the stagnant layer C=Concentration of drug in the bulk solvent h = thickness of the stagnant layer. dC/dt is the rate of drug dissolved per time expressed as concentration change in the dissolution fliud. The Noyes-Whitney equation shows how factors such as solubility and surface area can affect dissolution
The aim of this experiment was to formulate and manufactured Aspirin 75mg tablets in direct compressions.
spacer 11 13 *1*2*3*3*3*3*4*5*5*5*5*6*7 False True 0000 2819 Introduction Marking Summary Activity Title 5004Tableting Report Groups 1 6 Direct Compression Module 5004DFACAP Submission date Monday, 26 March 2012 20:40:45 o'clock BST Marker Dr Imran Saleem Secondary comment colour codes: Author Notes You Can only be added if the My Feedback button has been activated.[a] Second marker Will only be included if second marking has occurred.[b] Marker's comment colour codes: Rating Meaning Default Not rated.[c] Poor Areas where I did not do well.[d] Satisfactory Areas where there is scope for some improvement.[e] Good Areas where I did well.[f] ________________ Liverpool John Moores University School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences 5004DFACAP PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION Mona Ibrahim Tablets Formulation, Manufacturing & Testing TABLETING Introduction[g] The compressed tablet is by far the most popular and versatile dosage form however it does have its drawbacks, in that it is the most technically difficult to form. Tablets are made by a process of compression. A variety of tablets exist and the type of excipients and the way in which they are incorporated vary between dependent on type and size. The powder formulation is contained within a set volume and force is applied via punches to form a solid compact. The first
clinical research essay 2
CLINICAL RESEARCH Title: "Write a clinical trial protocol for a novel drug." "The protocol is at the heart of every clinical trial. It is the plan; it is a critical document for everyone involved in the conduct of the trial."1 Principally a protocol involves selecting investigative sites and designing the data collection tools; it also describes how individual trial subjects should be treated and evaluated. Quite importantly it "serves as a reference for monitoring and auditing trial conduct and it conveys the plan for analysing the data when the study is complete."1 An "Institutional Review Board (IRBs) or Ethics Committees use the protocol as the basis for approving whether a trial can be initiated." A protocol that is constructed thoroughly aids to ensure "common understanding of the study objectives and procedures to be implemented, thereby improving quality and saving time and effort for those using it."1 The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) defines a protocol as; "a document that describes the objective(s), design, methodology, statistical considerations and organization of a trial. The protocol usually also gives the background and rationale for the trial, but these could be provided in other protocol referenced documents. Throughout the ICH Good Clinical Practice Guideline, the term protocol refers to both protocol and protocol amendments."2 Every
Struggle with Cocaine Addiction in Bright Lights, Big City.
Struggle with Cocaine Addiction in Bright Lights, Big City In the novel, Bright Lights, Big City, by Jay McInerney, You is the main character who battles drug addiction from cocaine. Cocaine alters many addicts' lives and You's life in the novel. You goes about his personal life and work life unaware that the vast problems that occur all stem from his addiction to cocaine. Cocaine addicts often confide in cocaine usage to motivate themselves in overwhelming and difficult issues in life. The difficult issues often deal with family, friends, and an individual's personal life or their work atmosphere. For You, cocaine offers the sense of acceptance that he is unable to find anywhere else. Also, among most cocaine addicts, they are able to confide in the drug to get them through hard times and help themselves escape into a fantasy world. From the extensive use of cocaine, You is able to escape the reality world into his fantasy world. However, the acceptance and confidence drug addicts, including You, find in cocaine is followed by ongoing psychological and physical effects. The countless days without sleep, gradual forgetfulness, the importance of cocaine over daily and work obligations, paranoia and anxiety, and masking the truth with lies are just a few effects that cocaine addicts and especially You endure. Cocaine is a dangerous and powerful drug that has been
Analysis of 3 Unknown Chemicals
Identification of Unknown Compounds in Organic Chemistry: #35A, #35B, and #35C 5-11-2012 Introduction There are many reasons for identifying an unknown compounds. The reasons range from medical purposes, such as determining if the unknown could cause ailments in living things or knowing what chemical compounds are needed to make antibiotics to other purposes such as knowing the exact compound has to be used to make certain foods. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the identity of unknown #35A, #35B, and #35C by making use of their physical characteristics, solubility tests, chemical classification tests, and spectroscopy data (Pavia, Lampman, Kriz, & Engel, 2006). First of all, a preliminary classification of the unknown compounds #35A, #35B, and #35C was done by recording the physical state, color, and odor of the unknown compounds. Following that, the melting point for unknown #35A and #35C was obtained; whereas, the boiling point for #35B was obtained due to its physical state, and solubility tests were performed as outlined the Figure 1. Figure 1. Solubility chart for compounds containing various functional groups (Pavia, Lampman, Kriz, & Engel, 2006). After that, the IR and NMR spectra were determined for the unknown compounds in order to provide more evidence for the preliminary results and confirm the identity of the unknown compounds #35A, #35B,