essay on tourism
a) Describe the growth of international tourism during the second half of the 20th century. The growth of international tourism during the second half of the twentieth century has been phenomenal. The number of overseas visitors to Britain had risen to 1 million soon after 1950. It then rose to 2 million in in 1963 and then to 6 million in 1970. It then exceeded 15 million in 1987 and in 1990, the number of overseas residents made a record 18 million visits to Britain and the number of tourists has been steadily rising ever since. This is however, only one example of tourism growth. Throughout the entire world international tourism growth has taken place. The graph below shows the growth of international tourists worldwide and as you can see, since 1950-1999 the numbers of overseas visitors has gone from about 40 million in 1950, to 70 million in 1960. It has then gone from 190 million in 1970, to 300 million in 1980, to 500 million in 1990 and then finally to 700 million in 2000. This shows that international tourism has grown by about 17 times when compared with the number of international tourists in 1950. Between 1965 and 1993 there was a five fold increase in the number of tourists worldwide from 110 million to over 510 million, with a slight dip in the 1980's due to the worldwide economic recession. Europe was the most popular tourist destination attracting over 60%
The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. Synthesis Essay
Faisal Almadani April 19, 2010 Mr. Farooq IB English Martin Luther King, Jr. Synthesis Essay Freedom of speech is the right of every human being. Some people have that right and some people fight for it. Today, the law enforces that right, and we owe our gratitude to the legends of the past that fought for that right. Those legends, such as Martin Luther King, Jr. also fought for the right of caring and hospitality, and won the fights. Martin Luther King, Jr. proves to us in his Autobiography The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. that the whole human race deserves to be written about, no matter what the circumstances are. It is through the bus boycott, the speech "I Have a Dream" and his overall acts of non-violence that Martin Luther King, Jr. defines those rights in The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. lives in a time of segregation and unequal distribution of rights. He grows up to fight for his rights. He also attempts to define to the world the importance of one's opinion and one's words. He defines that in his first action against segregation; the Bus Boycott of 1955. He started the boycott in the honor of Rosa Parks, an African American who stood up to her race on a bus and refused to stand up for a white American and got arrested. He started this act to show to the whites that the voice of the blacks should be heard and they
Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis Proteins make up over half of the dry mass of a cell. Protein synthesis is therefore central to the maintenance, growth and development of the cell. In preparation for protein synthesis, a specific transfer RNA molecule must be attached to each of the 20 common amino acid and the ribosomal subunits must be preloaded with supplementary molecules. During protein synthesis, these components are brought together in the cell cytoplasm in a ribosome complex. At this point a single mRNA molecule is transported step by step into a ribosome. In doing so, its sequence of nucleotides can be translated into its subsequent amino acid sequence to make a unique protein chain. Using the Central Dogma of Biology: DNA transcription RNA translation Protein protein synthesis can be broken down into two major processes: transcription and translation. Transcription In transcription the genetic material of an organism (the DNA) acts as a template on which an mRNA polynucleotides chain is formed. The reaction is necessary for the transfer of information from DNA to protein. It is catalysed by the enzyme RNA polymerase. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, a specific DNA sequence that indicates when RNA synthesis should begin. After binding to the promoter, the RNA polymerase unwinds one coil of the DNA helix. This exposes a short section of single-stranded DNA
Synthesis of Benzocaine
Synthesis of Benzocaine A. Introduction/Aims: The aim of the current investigation is to investigate the acid-catalysed Fischer esterification mechanism underlying the synthesis of the anaesthetic benzocaine using p-aminobenzoic acid and ethanol in excess. The resulting synthesised compound was subject to IR and melting point analyses in order to determine the identity and indeed the purity of the obtained sample. Benzocaine exhibits two main components common to the anaesthetic family: (1) an aromatic system usually having directly attached an ester and (2) a one to four unit hydrocarbon chain. The ester group is essential in body detoxification of this substance due to enzymatic cleavage of the ester linkage. Other anaesthetics may also contain a tertiary amine functional group which translates into the compound being soluble in the body. B. Stoichiometric Equations: C. Reactant table: Reactant/product M.W. (g mol-1) Quantities used/obtained Moles used/obtained Mole ratio theoretical/actual 4-aminobenzoic acid 37.14 5.00 g 0.036 /1, limiting Ethanol 46.07 65 mL = 51.42 g .12 /31.1, in excess Sulfuric acid 98.08 5 mL = 9.15 g 0.093 Benzocaine 65.19 4.05 g 0.025 0.025/0.036 = 0.69 The limiting reagent of this reaction is p-aminobenzoic acid. Thus the theoretical yield of benzocaine is expected to be 0.036 mols as a 1:1 ratio exists between
Synthesis of Aspirin
The aim of this practical is to carry out a chemical reaction between salicylic acid with anhydride. This will allow us to calculate the percentage yield. The chemical company for which you work has developed a new laboratory method for synthesising aspirin which produces a high yield of pure product. Before investing the large amount of money it would take to scale up the process for mass production of aspirin, the directors want to know if this new method is significantly better than existing methods, in terms of the percentage yield and purity of aspirin produced. Theory Aspirin, which is sometimes called acetylsalicylic acid, was first made in 1893 by a German chemist Felix Hofmann. Aspirin is classified as organic ester and organic acid. It is mostly used in medicine like pain killers and also they are used for reducing fever. Aspirin is made by reacting salicylic acid with acetic anhydride. The human generation already knew how useful salicylic acid for pain. It was until the 19th century when we learned how to make mass production of aspirin and how to cope with the toxic side effects. Aspirin has many pharmaceutical uses; the most important is the cure for any kind of pain. It can also treat arthritis because it has an anti-inflammatory effect and also reduce fever. One of the majors side effects gastritis this gives stomach aches. Mass/g Weighing boat + 3
Protein Synthesis
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Proteins are used in the cell for a variety of reasons. They may have a structural or a functional role, or they may act as enzymes controlling cell metabolism. Protein synthesis is a very complex process; therefore it is necessary to understand the structures of DNA and RNA which are involved in the process of protein synthesis. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids formed from nucleotides. Individual nucleotides are comprised of three parts: * Phosphoric acid (Phosphate H3PO4). This has the same structure in all nucleotides. * Pentose sugar: These are of two types - Ribose (which occurs in RNA) and Deoxyribose (which occurs in DNA) * Organic bases: There are five different bases which are divided into two groups - Pyrimidines - these are single rings with six sides. i.e., cytosine, thymine and uracil. Purines - these are double rings comprising a six-sided and a five-sided ring, i.e., adenine and guanine. The three components are combined by condensation reactions to give a nucleotide. By a similar condensation reaction between the sugar and phosphate groups of two nucleotides, a dinucleotide is formed. Continued condensation reactions lead to the formation of a polynucleotide. DNA is a double stranded polymer made up of two polynucleotide chains, where the pentose sugar is always deoxyribose and the organic bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine and
Phenacetin synthesis
Aim: Phenacetin synthesis from Paracetamol (Para-acetamidophenol) Experimental method: Around 0.6g of dried sodium metal is cut into small pieces using a knife and a tile and weighed accurately. This is done by tarring the balance after putting the weighing boat on the balance and then adding small dried pieces of sodium until it reaches 0.6g. The mixture is vigorously dissolved and as a result of the exothermic reaction, it is required to be left to cool. Once cooled, 3.8g of Para-acetamidophenol and 3cm3 ethyl iodide are added and mixed thoroughly. The mixture is left on a reflux for 20-25 minutes after it starts to boil. During this process the colour of the solution is recorded from time to time. The colour was changed from clear to orange. 40cm3 of water is added to the solution and is left on an ice bath to cool. Whilst cooled, crystals start to appear constantly as time goes by. Once recrystalized fully, the product is vacuumed on a Buchner flask where the water is separated from the crystals. The crystalized product remains in the conical flask are washed into the filter with distilled water. The product is kept in the filter for a while making sure the vacuum is applied to remove the excess water. The resulting white crystals are then mixed with a small amount of aqueous methylated spirit (1:1 volume) and heated to be dissolved completely. It is then left to
Synthesis of chloropentaaminecobalt(lll) chloride
Experiment 1 (Day 2) Synthesis of chloropentaaminecobalt(lll) chloride Abstract The complex compound [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 was synthesized and electrical conductance and infrared spectra were measured to characterize. The percentage yield was calculated ,91.23 % that the error of percentage yield was discussed. The molar conductivity was obtained to determine the number of ions constituting the compound which was not successful. Also, the frequencies of product were examined to observe the peak of ammonia group. Introduction In this experiment, [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 was synthesized and the formation and properties of a coordination compound were studied. The experiment involved a coordination compound that is formed between electron pair donors, ligands and electron pair acceptors, the metal atoms. Generally, a coordination compound is made up of a central atom which is bound to ligands. There is many possible ligands that can bond to the central atom, but NH3 was used that donates one pair of electrons to form coordinate bonds. In the formation of chloropentaaminecobalt(lll) chloride, denoted [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2, the transition metal which serves as the central atom is cobalt. Since cobalt is involved in six bonds, its coordination number is six, and the structure around the cobalt is octahedral. The synthesis of cobalt(lll) complexes involved oxidation of the cobalt(lll) salt in the
Radicals In Organic Synthesis.
Radicals In Organic Synthesis. Gomberg reported the 1st free radical in 1900; a century has passed since he first discovered the triphenylmethyl radical. For many years the chemistry of free radicals was very much the province of mechanistic and physical organic chemists with their application to synthesis not extending much past the occasional use of Kolbe electrolysis or oxidative coupling of phenols. However with time these recent situations have changed. The realisation that radical methods are often very compatible with a range of functional groups, without further protection, has led to an increased interest in the use of radicals in synthesis. Radicals or Free Radicals can be defined as a species that contains at least one unpaired electron. Radicals in general are extremely a reactive species; reacting rapidly with the majority of organic molecules. These include molecules such as alkanes, which are impervious from attack via ions. The large proportion of radicals only exist as a transient intermediate, never abundant in large concentrations. The occurrence of radical intermediates can often be inferred from the nature of the reaction products or from a study of kinetics. The Formation of Radicals: Most of the important radical reactions proceed by a chain mechanism, the crucial step requires the generation of a radical from an appropriate pre - cursor. The
The Process of Protein Synthesis
Process of Protein Synthesis Task 1 (1a) DNA: RNA: RNA has a single polynucleotide chain where as DNA has a double polynucleotide chain, RNA has 3 basic forms t, m, r, and DNA has 1 form only; in RNA the molecular mass is smaller than in DNA as DNA has a greater molecular mass. In RNA it has nitrogen containing bases which are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine however this is different to DNA as DNA has a nitrogen containing bases which are adenine, guanine, and cytosine but instead of thymine it contains uracil. RNA contains Ribose sugar whereas DNA's sugar in deoxyribose and RNA occurs in nucleus and cytoplasm, but DNA occurs almost entirely in nucleus; RNA maybe chemically unstable unlike DNA which is always chemically stable as RNA only exists for a short period of time unlike DNA which exists permanently. (1b) DNA RNA * DNA is vital for inheritance, coding for proteins and the genetic blueprint of life. * There are three bases in DNA code for one amino acid. * * The DNA code is copied to produce mRNA; the order of amino acids in the polypeptide is determined by the sequence of 3-letter codes in mRNA. tRNA mRNA * tRNA (transfer RNA) is a type of RNA that delivers amino acids to ribosomes during translation in the order specified by the mRNA. * tRNA pulls the amino acids into the rRNA (ribosome) and adds them to the polypeptide protein
