Explain whether or not Erasmus intended to undermine the Catholic Church (12 marks)
Explain whether or not Erasmus intended to undermine the Catholic Church (12 marks) Erasmus was a humanist scholar from Rotterdam he entered a monastery in 1486 which is possibly where his hate for monks and there lifestyle stems from he eventually became a well-known and sought after European scholar. Erasmus was very good at both Greek and Latin which lead to his translation of the bible in three columns; the first was Greek then the vulgate translation then his translation. This however found some problems with the original translation of the bible including confession so there should only be 6 sacraments although he did not make a big deal out of this and merely printed his work and allowed people to find this for themselves, the church responded saying god had wanted it to be changed so made them write it wrong, this he never questioned. This behavior sows him not trying to undermine the church as if this was his intention it is much more likely he would have made it clear what he had found This is a correct point but not very well-explained. Why did it mean one less sacrament, which sacrament was lost and why? Erasmus once said "great abundance of riches cannot be gathered and kept by any man without sin" this, although it may be interpreted differently, is an intelligent way of calling the church and its member sinners, as the church had great wealth and riches from
To what extent was the Crusaders success at Antioch due to the leadership of Bohemond?
‘To what extent was the Crusaders success at Antioch due to the leadership of Bohemond?’ Bohemond ruled over the crusade as a part of a committee of nobles. Bohemond was one of the most important of these leaders. Antioch was described by Stephen of Blois as "a city great beyond belief, very strong and unassailable". Its capture was dependent on the finding of a traitor in the city willing to provide the Crusaders with the knowledge and opportunities to capture the city, due to his connection with Firouz, one of the commanders in the city; but he would not bring matters to an issue until the possession of the city was assured him (May 1098), under the terror of the approach of Kerbogha with a relief army, and with a reservation in favour of Alexius, if Alexius should fulfil his promise to aid the crusaders. But Bohemond was not secure in the possession of Antioch, even after its surrender and the defeat of Kerbogha; he had to make good his claims against Raymond of Toulouse, who championed the rights of Alexius. He obtained full possession in January 1099, and stayed in the neighbourhood of Antioch to secure his position, while the other crusaders moved southward to the capture of Jerusalem. The battle which set the tone of the whole siege was the battle against Duqaq of Damascus. Duqaq was a powerful leader and his army had been inflicted with heavy causalities due to
Modern-Day Slavery
Argumentative Paper on Modern-day Slavery Have you ever said, "Didn't slavery ended in 1865 with the American Civil War?" Well it's a yes and a no. Yes, slavery based on color did end but slavery still flourishes in the 21st century. Millions of men, women, and children are being held against their will as Modern-Day Slavery which needs to stop immediately or this world will soon again become a world of troublesome and madness. Modern-day slavery takes many forms like domestic servitude slavery, factory and farm slavery, and child soldier slavery. Modern- day Slavery is causing many peoples lives to be depressed and makes them become sick and weak. Many people have been forced and threatened into being slaves like Katya from Netherlands. She left a failed marriage and two-year child in Czech Republic when a so called friend of the family introduced to Czech trafficker who promised a waitress job in Netherlands. The trafficker drove Katya to Amersterdam where the trafficker took her to a brothel in Amersterdam red light district. "I will not work here," said Katya. "Yes you will!" The trafficker said. "You owe us thousands of euros." " No, I won't," said Katya." Yes, you will," said the trafficker, "if you want your two-year old back in the Czech republic to live." And so, Katya did. She worked seven days a week, was beaten, had to sleep on a stone floor, and had no
How far did Society change under Stalin
How far did Society change under Stalin? Cultural Revolution • Began end of 1920's • Signalled return to socialist ideals of Revolution and class warfare • Non Marxists working in social areas such as education and the arts were denounced • There would be a new 'Soviet Man' and a transformed society that was truly socialist Youth • Young Communists took a lead in this • Komsomol (1918) members aged 14 to 28. • 1927 2 million members. Had to apply to join • Attacked religion in the villages, booed and criticised painters and writers who did not follow party line • Enforced collectivisation, labour discipline, reporting on mood of the people Religion • Link between kulaks and churchgoers, accused priests of holding back collectivisation • Priests hounded out of villages, churches raided, bells melted down, imposed taxes on churches • By end of 1930 80% of country's village churches closed • 1/40 functioning by end of 1930's • No new churches in new towns and cities Education • Traditional teaching, homework, textbooks and testing came under attack • Shulgin, headed educational research institute, said children could be educated to be useful. Delivering leaflets, gathering firewood etc • Schools should be linked to factories • Non party teachers driven out and replaced by red specialists • Party members were sent
To what extent was Chaing Kai-sheks leadership a failure?
Emma To what extent was Chaing Kai-shek’s leadership a failure? (Was the failure of the new GMD (nationalist) government inevitable?) It can be argued that Chaing Kai-shek’s leadership was always going to fail, because he was fighting a battle that could never be won. However, through his time in power, did also have many aims and successes, which helped china and the Chinese people. Chaing Kai-shek and the GMD’s aims were imposed to help make china a more stable country. They wanted to enforce Sun Yet Sen’s three principles of the people (nationalism, democracy and social reform). However, after Sun Yet Sen’s death in 1925, Kai-shek and the GMD (nationalists) government took a in a different direction. Chain Kai-Shek’s leadership was not always a failure. Kai-Shek and the GMD (nationalists) did also have many successes. The GMD (nationalist) government aimed and managed to, overthrow the warlords, gain international recognition and started to work towards the creation of a workable governmental and legal system. Kai-Shek and the GMD government wanted to implement GMD rule as the intermediate stage of China’s modernisation. The GMD government tried to achieve these aims in three main ways, suppression of opposition, the new life movement and five main reforms, which where the legal system, the economic crisis, administrative of the government, diplomatic
Romaneque
Topic #2 In the Middle Ages, there were two very distinct periods, Gothic and Romanesque. The Gothic and Romanesque period were very different in many ways. The Romanesque period was more centered around the church and they were very religious. In the Gothic period, it was more about rationalism and humanism. The spiritual attitude was not as strong. The two periods were also significantly different in architectural aspects. The cathedrals, and architecture, were built completely different. The arches for the cathedrals in the Romanesque period were mostly built rounded, as where in the Gothic period, the cathedrals had pointed arches. I think as the times changed, the architecture did too. Just as our architecture today is not same as it was 20 years ago. As the religion from the Romanesque period became less evident, and humanism increased, it caused many changes in the church, as well as its architecture. In the Romanesque period, the cathedrals were built to be heavy and strong. They had thick walls, and were built to bear incredible weight. The cathedrals of this time were very dark and gloomy. They were not interested in making the churches beautiful to look at but rather, they wanted them to be a place where people could find the presence of God. The cathedrals normally had triple arches that symbolize the Trinity, which is the Father, Son, and the Holy Ghost. In
What makes a great civilisation
What makes a great civilization? There are many factors that result in a civilization becoming great but to answer the question; we must have a clear definition of great. A great civilization must firstly have an efficient government. It must also have natural sources and good geographical location --- an important factor for the civilization to be self-sustaining. Thus, we can infer that a great civilization has some defining features that ensure the continuity of the "greatness" of the civilization. When a great civilization prospers, it brings about economic stability and self-sustenance. Firstly, a feature of a great civilisation is good geographical location. Good geographical location is synonymous with proximity to water. With a constant water source, sufficient food is available. This is possible because the water source provides water and silt for the crops which will enable the crops to grow healthily. Food and water can also be obtained from the water source. An example to illustrate this will be the Egyptian civilization. It is located beside the Nile River and the Egyptians obtain water from the Nile River to irrigate their crops which will provide abundant food. As a result, it would be self-sustaining and be able to prosper. Once the civilisation has settled down and there is enough food, there must be a government to organise the people. The government has
How successful was King Richard I in achieving his objectives in the Third Crusade?
How successful was King Richard I in achieving his objectives in the Third Crusade? Richard I’s primary objective in the Third Crusade was to recover Jerusalem following it’s recapture by Saladin in October 1187, an objective which he failed to see through. However, the Third Crusade was not a total disaster, as it allowed Richard to somewhat diminish Saladin’s prestige and to protect the remainder of Outremer. The Third Crusade was called following the loss of Jerusalem. When preaching for a new Crusade in 1189, Pope Innocent III claimed that the primary objective of the Third Crusade was to recover the holy city from the Muslims who had taken it. Recovering Jerusalem was the key objective of the Third Crusade, and despite marching close to it twice in 1189, Richard failed to recover it, which was ultimately ensured that the Crusade could not be entirely successful. Furthermore, when Richard decided that his new objective should be to recapture Egypt and then bargain Egypt for Jerusalem with Saladin, as Saladin’s power base and wealth was in Egypt, he had already lost the support of Duke Burgundy and lacked the manpower necessary to take Egypt, so he failed in that respect too. Following the unsuccessful first march to Jerusalem, Richard took his men back to Ascalon in 1192 to begin rebuilding the castle there in a four month construction program. Ascalon proved
Mao's Hundred Flowers Essay
History Was the 'Hundreds Flowers' campaign a genuine attempt to allow more freedom or a clever ruse to trap critics of Mao? In 1956 Mao Zedong started a campaign to allow more freedom within his communist regime in China. However in a year the campaign had been cancelled, and replaced by a 'anti-rightist campaign'. Was this just a clever trap to allow Mao to see his critics? Or was it a genuine attempt to allow the Chinese people more freedom? Many historians have argued either way. In 1956 Mao thought it was time to allow more freedom, and allow great expression of thoughts. He intended to allow people to constructively criticises how well communist China was advancing. He made a speech saying how he was extremely pleased with China's current state, and hinted he would be allowing intellectuals more freedom. This was very unusual behaviour from Mao, as he was normally against intellectuals. However did he do this for a certain reason? Mao had been so pleased with China's state he had sent all the Russian advisers home, as the contract was costing China heavily in resources. However by losing the Russian advisers he needed to allow the Chinese intellectuals to have some more freedom to inspire them to continue the work the Russians were doing beforehand. Stalin died in 1953, and when Nikita Khrushchev came to power he slammed Stalin, and when Mao saw this he could see
Did the Duke of Somerset play a game of political poker?
Did the Duke of Somerset play a game of political poker? Although the Earl of Hertford played political poker in his consolidation of power, assuming the offices of both protector and governor and stimulating consent through bribery; the Duke of Somerset’s real gamble was whilst he was protector when handling the cards of religious policy, foreign policy and administration in government. Somerset increasingly threatened his political stability in his foreign policy, with his continued adherence to the defunct Treaty of Greenwich, attempting to subdue French influence in Scotland and achieve the union of the Crowns. However, this policy only pushed Scotland ever closer to the embrace of France. Despite the Battle of Pinkie appearing to be a step closer to Edward VI reclaiming suzerainty over the Scottish throne; in June 1548 6,000 French troops landed in Leith, capturing English forts and securing Mary Queen of Scots passage to her impending marriage to the Dauphin. The Duke of Somerset continued to jeopardise his political authority by ignoring the advice of the regency council and amassing an estimated 500,000 to pay for his obsession over the Treaty of Greenwich. Moreover, the Duke of Somerset’s administration in finance, with revolved around his foreign policy, caused further instability due to his debasement of coinage, exacerbating the already prominent
