effects of exercise on cardiovascular system
Effects of exercise on cardiovascular system Exercise can effect the cardiovascular system in both long-term and short-term ways. The short-term effects are: * Heart rate increases * Stroke volume increases * Cardiac output increases * Blood pressure increases * Blood redistributed The heart rate increases depending on the intensity of exercise you are carrying out. The heart also prepares itself before exercise. Just before exercise is carried out the heart rate will rise this is known as the anticipatory rise. This is caused by a release of hormones such as adrenaline, which then causes the SA node to increase the heart rate. After exercise the heart rate takes a while to return to its resting level, this is the body's recovery period. During this phase, the heart rate must remain slightly elevated in order to get rid of the body's waste products such as lactic acid. The stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction. The same as the heart rate the stroke volume also increases depending on the intensity of the exercise taking place. Stroke volume is able to increase for two reasons: * Increased venous return - this is the volume of blood that returns from the body to the right side of the heart. * The frank starling mechanism Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute and is the product of
In this assignment I will explain and analyse the initial responses to exercise. It will include how the cardiovascular responses, respiratory responses, neuromuscular responses and the energy systems.
Responses to Exercise In this assignment I will explain and analyse the initial responses to exercise. It will include how the cardiovascular responses, respiratory responses, neuromuscular responses and the energy systems that are affected. First of all, there are many responses that occur in the cardiovascular system that make changes within the first two minutes of exercise. One of these is heart rate. The heart rate increases by pumping more blood around the body. Normally, the cardiac muscles of the heart walls will contract around 60-80 times a minute. However, when exercise is started, the body realises that more oxygen is needed for the muscles to work at their full potential. Therefore, the heart pumps more blood carrying much needed oxygen to the working muscles. Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out of one ventricle of the heart each beat. With aerobic exercise training, it is possible to increase stroke volume, meaning that more blood will be pumped out of the heart with each beat, resulting in a more efficient heart and more oxygen being delivered to the muscles. Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute. This is therefore automatically increased when heart rate increases so that more oxygen rich blood can reach the muscles. The fitter a person is, the larger your stroke volume and cardiac output are. Blood pressure is
What is SALTAPS? First Aid in Sport
Demonstrate the ability to assess Injury During any kind of physical activity, there is a chance that somebody participating may get injured or hurt. It is the First Aider's role, to be on site and available immediately - in the case of emergency. In order to demonstrate the ability to assess an injury - one must possess the capability to refer to the SALTAPS process, designed initially for First Aid in Sport. This process involves: S eeing the injury occur and stopping play. If the individual on first aid has seen the incident happen, they are more likely to be aware of what procedures to undertake and they are also likely to have an idea beforehand of what the injury may be, as a result of what they have just seen. As soon as the accident takes place, and it is evident that an athlete or performer is injured - all continuation of play must be STOPPED. There must be an immediate assessment on the field of play - and the area surrounding the injured individual, must be cleared as quickly and as safely as possible. A sking the injured athlete questions and assessing the problem. The assessor will need to ask the player or the participant, how the injury happened. If they have seen the accident occur, this question becomes irrelevant. The assessor will need to ask the individual the following questions: Are you okay? What exactly hurts? Is there anybody
Physiology - muscles and joints. Different types and their use in sports.
Physiology Cardiac muscle = cardiovascular system Cardiac muscle is striated but, unlike skeletal striated muscle, it is made up of a continuous, morphologically distinct network of branching and anastomosing cells. Cardiac muscle, like striated muscle, has actin and myosin microfilaments organized into sarcomeres. Skeletal muscle = outer muscles A whole skeletal muscle is considered an organ of the muscular system. Each organ or muscle consists of skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and blood or vascular tissue. Smooth muscle = inner muscles Smooth muscles are found in the hollow parts of the body. This would be in places like the stomach, intestines, blood vessels and the bladder. Smooth muscles are arranged in layers with the fibers in each layer running in a different direction. This makes the muscle contract in all directions. Antagonistic muscle action The definition of antagonistic muscle is: "A muscle that opposes the action of another the biceps and triceps are antagonistic muscles (1)" When a muscle contracts to produce movement it is called the agonist and its opposite, relaxing muscle is known as the antagonist. Agonist and antagonist both have to work together to product the desired action. The role of the muscles is to stabilise the organs so that the agonist can produce the most effective contraction. To raise the upper arm, the
Information on the Physiology of Exercise
Unit 7 Information on the Physiology of Exercise Faraz Ijaz The Skeletal System The human skeletal system has four main features, these are: * Protection * Support * Movement and attachment * Blood Protection There are two main parts of the skeletal system. The axial skeleton; which consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton; which consists of the arms, shoulder griddle, legs and hip griddle. The main function of the axial skeleton is to support the body, to allow it to stand and to maintain a form. The main function of the appendicular skeleton is to allow for movement of the limbs. These two sections of the skeleton combined make the body able to stand and to move. The skeleton now serves two more functions related to sport, to protect vital organs and to produce blood. Protection For protection we rely on our skeleton, because this is hard. Our bones are made up of water, collagen, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate and fluoride salts. The calcium in our bones helps to strengthen the bones, such as the ribs. The ribs are made up of hard bone that is not meant to flex, however it expands to allow for the lungs to inflate and deflate. They provide support and protection to vital organs such as the heart and lungs. Our skull is meant to protect the brain, eyes and ears, the cranium only protects unlike the ribs,
Extrinsic injury risk factors
Gary Boswell Extrinsic injury risk factors Typical extrinsic injury risk factors include the following: * Excessive load on the body (such as the nature and speed of movement, the number of repetitions, impact, footwear or training surface) * Training errors (such as rapid increase in training distance, high intensity training, hill training, fatigue, poor programme structure and design, poor exercise or sport technique) * Poor or inappropriate equipment (such as footwear, headgear or protective clothing) * Ineffective rules (including rules or safety guidelines that are not enforced) Typically, when any overuse injury is being evaluated, the specialist will ask questions to determine whether any of the above factors has contributed to the injury. Excessive load on the body The tissues of the body are potentially capable of withstanding considerable stress. For example, it is not uncommon for upwards of three times the body weight to go through the body even when jogging slowly. However, tissues that have not been accustomed to such forces will not have adapted to withstand them and are therefore likely to be injured when they are applied. Certain types of movement demand that the body either develops force rapidly or must control force very quickly. Sprinting and jumping for example, require the muscles to develop big forces very quickly to 'power' the action
PE Coursework - Section 7 & 8
Evaluation of sessions Session 1 In the first session of circuit training my main aim was to just to get used to my circuit. I wanted to work out the right order to use my exercises and see how long it would take me to do them. Resting heart rate Circuit Time Station Reps Recovery heart rate 2 3 4 5 80 30 seconds Bench dip 22 42 18 06 98 94 Sit ups 4 Stomach crunch 6 Squat thrusts 26 Pull ups 5 Ladder run 1 Step ups 29 Skipping 38 I think I did ok in my first circuit however it shows that I am not fit as it took me longer than 5 minutes to get back to my resting heart rate. I was also impressed with the amount of ladder runs I was able to do in 30 seconds, as I thought my agility was poor. When I completed my circuit I made sure that I preformed a work out, however I do not think I worked my upper body enough so I will be adding bent over upper body rotation and arm circles into my next circuit. Session 2 In my second circuit my general aim was just to improve on each section of my circuit. I particularly want to do as many stomach crunches and sit ups as possible as after my last session my abdominals were sore as I am not used to working these muscles to such a high extent. I think that if I can do as many stomach crunches and sit ups my abdominals will get used to the level of exercise and will not ache. I also want to
Heroin is a highly addictive drug derived from morphine, which is obtained from the opium poppy.
Heroin Heroin is a highly addictive drug derived from morphine, which is obtained from the opium poppy. It is a white to dark brown powder or tar-like substance. It is a "downer" that affects the brain's pleasure systems and interferes with the brain's ability to perceive pain. Heroin can be used in a variety of ways, depending on user preference and the purity of the drug. Heroin can be injected into a vein ("mainlining"), injected into a muscle, smoked in a water pipe or standard pipe, mixed in a marijuana joint or regular cigarette, inhaled as smoke through a straw, known as "chasing the dragon," or snorted as powder via the nose. It is also known as Big H, Black tar, Brown sugar, Dope, Horse, Junk, Mud, Skag and Smack Short-term effects The short-term effects of heroin abuse appear soon after a single dose and disappear in a few hours. After an injection of heroin, the user reports feeling a surge of euphoria ("rush") accompanied by a warm flushing of the skin, a dry mouth, and heavy extremities. Following this initial euphoria, the user goes "on the nod," an alternately wakeful and drowsy state. Mental functioning becomes clouded due to the depression of the central nervous system. Other effects included slowed and slurred speech, slow gait, constricted pupils, droopy eyelids, impaired night vision, vomiting, and constipation. Long-term effects Long-term
Sports injury
Introduction There are many different injuries that can happen any time of the day or night. There are many different sports in which you can get these injuries. I have chosen to do my assignment on these 3 sports: > Rugby as it is a major contact sport and so there are many injuries to be found. This is the most common sport in Wales at the moment. > Badminton as it is a fast game so it is different to rugby as it is a single game or doubles game. It is a popular game to play in PE lessons but it isn't a very popular game it is barely televised. > Basketball as it is in the middle of both the other sports. It is a team game and it is fast but it is a non contact sport well meant to be. It isn't a very common game in Britain it is played in some PE lessons but it i9s the second most commonly played game in the US. Task 1 There are many intrinsic and extrinsic factors to affect a player's game on any given day. First rugby. It is a major contact sport, which means there are many extrinsic factors, which can affect the game of a player, which in its turn affects the team. There are many things like the support for the team or the other team can affect you. There's injuries like a cut by the eye will get you taken off for a while, there's injuries like a broken leg also that will stop you from playing and if the player does stay on will have long term damage as the bones
structure and function of the digestive system and nutrients
Macronutrients Carbohydrates Carbohydrates have three main purposes: * To provide the body with energy * To allow the body to store and transport energy * To aid in bodily needs e.g. immune system, fertilization, pathogenesis, blood clotting, and development. The structure of carbohydrates consist of three elements, these are carbon, hydrogen and Oxygen. Carbohydrates can be broken down into two groups these are simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates. Simple Carbohydrates are also known as simple sugars and these include substances such as Sucrose (a combination of Glucose and Fructose). Other examples may include Lactose (a combination of Glucose and Galactose). Simple sugars may also be broken down into the amount of bonds they have; monosaccharide's consist of just one sugar, disaccharide consist of two sugars combined, and finally polysaccharides' consist of many sugars, usually three or more. These carbohydrates all gain quick access to bloodstream providing a slow, prolonged release of energy. Complex Carbohydrates come from starch and they are polymers made up of many monosaccharide's' joined together by glycosidic bonds. They are therefore very large, often branched, macromolecules. They tend to be solid, insoluble in water, and have no sweet taste. They go through the digestive system where they are broken down and transported to places in