innovation of sport
Innovation of Sport Task 1 Identify the technological developments for optimising sports performance over the last ten years. 994 - The predator boot. Designed to create more power, swerve and accuracy on the ball when kicking. The boots had small rubber fins, bumps which gripped the ball when kicked forcing it to gain a certain motion. 995 - Titanium Pigment introduced in Tennis. Titanium pigment is introduced do use for the lines on courts instead of chalk. 996 - Super-bikes. Bikes in motor-sport changes when the first lightweight materials were introduced to make the bikes with increasing speed and movement etc... 997 - Shark-suits. Neoprene suits are introduced into Olympic swimming, it is a full body suit which increases the dynamics of the swimmer and makes him/her more streamlined. 998 - World cup football. A new ball is provided by adidas for the world cup, officially named 'the world cup ball' its outer is made from a spongy layer which is then covered over by a form of thin leather. The ball has larger and less panels so that more movement can be generated on the ball. 2000 - Nike Vapours. These are a form of football boot, introduced in 2000 by Nike. The boot offers a weight of 96 grams and is made from synthetic uppers. The boot is meant to maximise performance by increasing the quality of your first touch and making you run faster. 2003 - Playing
The energy system Our bodies need a supply of energy to enable it to carry out the functions to live. These functions can be digesting food to live and avoid starving to death, performing muscular contractions to do everyday life such as eating or exerci
Assignment 4-The energy systems The energy system Our bodies need a supply of energy to enable it to carry out the functions to live. These functions can be digesting food to live and avoid starving to death, performing muscular contractions to do everyday life such as eating or exercising, repairing and replacing tissue. Energy come in different forms such as mechanical, chemical, heat and electrical. This energy's can transferred from one form of energy to another one, for example, chemical energy found in food is converted into mechanical energy to enable us to move, or it can always be transformed into potential energy and can be reserved in the body for later use. Another source of energy that is essential for human beings is heat energy. Heat energy is giving off as a by-product when metabolism increases, leading to sweating. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) The body uses one form of energy, that energy is adenosine triphosphate or for shorter can be known as ATP.The chemical basis of energy production is ATP.This energy source is produce when our bodies breaks down the food that we consumed. The food types that contain energy in form of kilocalories (kcals) are , carbohydrates 1 gram gives 4 kcals, protein 1g gives 4 kcals and fat that provides the body with the highest kcals, at around 1g gives 9 kcals.Adenosine triphosphate is made of 1 adenosine molecule attached
Gender, Exercise and Sporting Performance
Task B3 Gender, Exercise and Sporting Performance Males and females rarely compete against each other in a sporting context. Aside from the obvious differences between genders there are a range of physiological differences that mean one gender would have an unfair advantage over the other. Hence the need for single sex competition. Females have some essential differences from males with regard to sports performance and this to some extent explains the differences between the sexes in terms of physical ability. Sociological thinking tends towards an increasing tendency for equality with females taking on more traditional male roles and the differences between the sexes are closing. Body Size The female skeleton is on average smaller and lighter than a male skeleton. Female skeletons have shorter appendicular components which will results in a smaller height and weight when compared to males. These skeletal differences have many implications not all of them disadvantageous. For example smaller lighter and shorter bones are helpful in events such as gymnastics when performances demand balance flexibility and agility. By contrast male gymnastics events make primary use of strength and explosive speed. Body composition One of the main differences between the genders that affect athletic performance is the difference in body composition. Males tend to have greater
The skeletal systems relative to Sport and exercise actions
DONCASTER COLLAGE DEPARTMENT OF WELLBEING BTEC NATIONAL AWARD/DIPLOMA IN SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Sport and Exercise Science Anatomy for sport and exercise - Assignment 1 Student: Robert Foster Date: 06/10/06 Tutor: Sarah Raven The skeletal systems relative to Sport and exercise actions Introduction In this booklet I will be investigating the structure, functions and development of the skeleton and relate the structure of joints to the movement they permit. The Skeleton The human skeleton consists of 206 bones. The human body is born with more bones (about 300), but many fuse together as a child grows up. The bones support the body and allow the body to move. Bones contain a lot of calcium (an element found in milk, broccoli, and other foods). Bones manufacture blood cells and store important minerals. The bones of the Skeleton can be grouped in two divisions: axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. Axial skeleton The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body. It consists of the skull, the, ribs the vertebral column and the sternum or breastbone. Skull The skull consists of 28 different bones (including the ear bones). The bones of the skull can be divided into two main groups: the cranium which encloses and protects the brain and the facial bones The cranium (Reference of picture
The Long and Short Term Effects of Exercise
Identify and explain each of the short and long-term effects that regular exercise can have on the main body systems. Exercise is defined as an activity that requires physical or mental exertion, especially when performed to develop or maintain fitness. During exercise, the cardiovascular system, the breathing system and the muscles work in conjunction with each other in order to perform their tasks more efficiently. A vital process of exercise is respiration and the production of energy. Principally, respiration is the breaking down of oxygen and glucose into carbon dioxide. There are two types of respiration: aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic is the most common form of respiration during regular exercise and requires both oxygen and glucose. Anaerobic respiration takes place when there is a lack of oxygen and lactic acid is formed. During anaerobic exercise the body is working in overdrive, for example sprinting, and breathing becomes much faster as we attempt to inhale more oxygen to support the strenuous exercise. The short-term effects of exercise usually begin before the exercise has even begun. Excitement, anticipation and anxiety all play an important part in preparing the body to cope with the demands of exercise. As a result of these emotions the adrenal gland increases the production of adrenaline hormones, which has a direct effect on the heart by increasing the
Health & fitness essay
Health & Fitness In my sport football and health and fitness is a criteria needed in order to succeed in the sport. Health is defined as state of physical, social and mental well being and not merely the absence of illnesses and/or infirmity. Health In terms of health, diet is a key aspect to maintaining optimum performance. Most footballers have a high percentage intake of carbohydrates. This is because of the fact that Football is a stop-and-go sport with short burst of intense effort, followed by rest. Therefore, the primary fuel for footballers is carbohydrates. An ideal diet for football players requires 55 to 60 percent of their daily caloric intake to come from carbohydrates, 15 percent from protein and 30 percent from fat. Basically a footballer's diet should be 2/3 from carbohydrates and 1/3 from protein, with an emphasis on moderate fat. Footballers increase the amount of carbohydrates in their diet as it provides them with more available energy during training sessions and games. Also players tend to avoid fried foods because it can often cause upset stomachs, avoiding these foods tend to also boost performance. Fitness Fitness physical refers to capacity of an athlete to meet the varied physical demands of their sport without reducing the athlete to a fatigue state. In football, players need all different types of psycho-motor skills, they include the
Btec sport, skeletal system
Explain the structure and function of the skeletal and muscular systems and their role in affecting sporting movements The structure and functions of the skeletal system The function of the skeletal system in divided into 5 different groups, each group is very important. Its 206 bones form a rigid framework to which the softer tissues and organs of the body are attached. The 4 groups are as follows; . Support The skeletal system supports the whole of our body. The skeleton supports the body against the pull of gravity. The large bones of the lower limbs support the trunk when standing. If we did not have this support we would not be able to stand. 2. Movement The skeletal system allows movement; this is achieved because of the joints where the bones join. This is where the movement takes place 3. Protection Vital organs are protected by the skeletal system. The brain is protected by the surrounding skull as the heart and lungs are encased by the sternum and rib cage. Also the spinal column and the nerves which run through vertebral column is protected 4. Blood production Blood cells are produced by the marrow located in some bones. Averages of 2.6 million red blood cells are produced each second by the bone marrow to replace those worn out and destroyed by the liver. 5. Storage of minerals Bones serve as a storage area for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
Sports Science
BTEC National Diploma in Sport & Exercise Science Unit 16: BIOMECHANICS Assignment One 'Initiation and Development of Movement' Task 1 - Below is a picture of a Javelin thrower, I am about to discuss the muscle actions, action at the joints, action of the limb segments and the muscle contractile velocity and force. Class Notes In the diagram you can see that the body is working at the right and left wrist, the right and left elbow, the right and left shoulder, the spine, the hips, the right and left knees and the right and left ankles. The muscles actions taking place at the:- The right wrist is in supination because the palm of the hand is facing upwards, the wrist is also extending due to the extensors contracting in a concentric manor while the arm is fully extended so the flexors will relax. The right elbow is also extending, the angle between the radius and ulna becomes closer to 180 degrees, this means that the bicep will eccentrically contract whilst the tricep concentrically contracts making the bicep longer and the tricep longer. The right shoulder is in a phase of horizontal abduction because it is placed out to the side of the body so the deltoid contract concentrically and the pectoralis major contracts eccentrically. The reason the right arm is extended is to get as much angular force into the throw as possible, this is because the more force the javelin
A level Project, Personal Exercise Program on Netball.
Zoë Michelle Wiles Candidate number: 2922 A project to improve the performance of a netballer. Section A - Abstract The aim of the project was to look at a performer, identify their major weakness through observation and to improve the performance of a netball player by improving this major weakness which was shown to be the component of power. My hypothesis was that the use of a progressive weight training programme improved the power of a netball player. As a result of the training programme the player avoided more interceptions and passed the ball for longer, more accurate distances in competitive match situations. The performer carried out a six week training program particularly focussing on Quadricep and Hamstring work and Bicep/Tricep work using resistance machines, stretches, based on research theories taking into account personal needs of the performer by looking at power with the inclusion of multiple fitness tests. The test results before and after the exercise program show if the weakness had been improved. The results showed an improvement in passing by 15% and intercepting by 68%. As a result of the findings, the research hypothesis was accepted as possibly there was an improvement in the appropriate energy systems which resulted in skeletal muscular hypertrophy and therefore increased the performer's power and their overall game situation. Word
Myotonic dystrophy (DM-1, DM-2 and Congenital DM).
Introduction Myotonias are characterized by continued, involuntary, muscle contraction after cessation of voluntary effort (Kumar & Clarke, 2002). There are three types of myotonic dystrophy (DM-1, DM-2 and Congenital DM), but common to all is the genetic basis (triplet expansion mutation to genes) and symptoms that each type manifests (weakness, wasting, myotonia etc.). DM-1 is found in ~90% of patients and is, more so than not, a more severe form of the condition whereas DM-2 is a more benign form (McKusick et al., 2004b, online). Symptoms of both types are similar, one of the few differences being that DM-2 has a more proximal affect on limb muscles (thigh instead of lower leg) and is said to relatively spare facial muscles (McKusick et al., 2004b, online). Congenital DM (CDM) is the most severe form of the condition and is usually inherited from affected mothers. Summary of symptoms Muscular dystrophy (weakness and wasting) Facial expression muscles (ptosis, temporal hollowing, long and thin look), sternocleidomastoid, swallowing and respiratory muscles (dysphagia and dyspnoea), limb muscles (esp.' distal muscles in DM-1 and proximal in DM-2), limb muscle involvement --> foot drop & poor grip. Myotonia Stiffness in hand muscles giving characteristic delay in release from grip. Myotonia in other muscles also precipitates a delay in relaxation i.e eyelid opening