How has the behavioural consistency debate contributed to the understanding and assessment of personality?
How has the behavioural consistency debate contributed to the understanding and assessment of personality? Behavioural consistency may be defined as the similarity between a person's behaviour on two different occasions. Personality is assumed to explain behavioural consistency because it is assumed to be a major determinant of behaviour and, since personality remains relatively stable the behaviour it determines will be consistent. This essay explores the basis of the behavioural consistency debate, evaluating its contribution to the understanding and assessment of personality. The essay begins with a brief outline of the debate and then reviews the conceptual issue around consistency, providing evidence for and against each type of consistency. Following on from this the essay will discuss the implications the behavioural consistency debate has had on personality. Trait theorists stipulate stable patterns of behaviour are used to infer personality traits which, are subsequently used to explain and predict continuities and coherences in behaviour. The concept of consistency in behaviour is crucial to the trait approach in the sense that, if there is no consistency then there is no need to postulate internal factors and consequently no need for personality. The most damaging criticism of trait theories, if sustained, would be to undermine their basis in consistency.
Discuss the range of strategies used to tackle child abuse in primary school.
Discuss the range of strategies used to tackle child abuse in primary school. There are various strategies used within schools to tackle child abuse. In order to discuss the strategies fully there is a need to define what exactly is meant by child abuse. It is also necessary to be aware of what advice and guidance there is offered through Government documentation and circulars to schools on their role in preventing child abuse. Having put child abuse and the school's role into context, then the strategies used by the school as a whole and by the teacher within the classroom can be discussed. Therefore what exactly is meant by child abuse? There is a tendency to automatically assume that abuse means sexual abuse. The 1986 draft report by the Department of Social Security [DHSS], Child Abuse - Working Together defined child abuse as falling into six categories: physical abuse, physical neglect, failure to thrive, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and potential abuse. The present definition for child abuse according to Department for Education and Skills [DfES] Circular 10/95 has been narrowed down to include only four categories: > sexual abuse -physical signs or a substantial behaviour change > emotional abuse -excessive dependence or attention seeking > physical abuse - regular broken bones, bruises, lacerations and burns > physical neglect - inadequate clothing, poor
"Compare the adult world with a child's perception in 'Snowdrops'".
"Compare the adult world with a child's perception in 'Snowdrops'". Through a child's eyes, the significance of death and all that surrounds it is somewhat different from the reality. 'Snowdrops' is narrated by a boy of the age of six, who actively takes note of the everyday happenings or abnormalities around him but who is not yet old enough or learned enough to associate these with the feelings and responsibilities of adults. One cold March morning (note that the cold weather is significant as it deliberately outlines the community's feelings about the young man's death) the boy overhears his parents talking about a death at breakfast time. His father enters the room and "fills it with bigness", emphasising the seemingly superior position of adults in the view of a child. The boy's father tells his family of the incident in which the boy, whose family they are in contact with, lost his life. He claims that "the Meredith boy" was "friendly" with one of the teachers at his son's school. Without the boy realising, his mother has to warn his father not to give away too much information - the teacher involved is the boy's own class teacher and the mother intends to protect her son from the realisation. Luckily, their son fails to make the connection from his father's mispronunciation of the teacher's surname ("Webber") to his own teacher, Miss Webster. This is an example of
Outline two perspectives on learning; choose from behaviourists, cognitive and humanistic (10)
perspectives * A) Outline two perspectives on learning; choose from behaviourists, cognitive and humanistic (10) Behaviourists: When talking about the behaviourist approach to learning, there are three main techniques to consider; . Classical conditioning (Pavlov) 2. Operant conditioning ( Skinner) 3. Social Learning theory (SLT) (Bandura) Classical Conditioning is when behaviour is learned through a stimulus response bond (S_R) This is done by using unconditioned stimuli as well as conditioned stimuli. Simply put this method of behaviourist learning is able to create behaviour that doesn't normally exist (e.g. salivating at the sound of a bell) this is done through association. For example if a person was to ring a bell right before they fed the dog, the dog would salivate due to the presence of the food. If done enough times, the dog would salivate at the sound of the bell alone, even if no food was present (Pavlov's experiment) Operant Conditioning is used to shape behaviour that already exists in the learner. This is done through reinforcement whether it be positive (rewarding) negative (taking away a negative trait) or punishment Skinner found that people are more likely to learn a behaviour if they are rewarded after doing it (e.g. praise, gifts etc.) SLT refers to Bandura's research, as he believed that people can learn through vicarious learning watching
Dear united nations. Letter about child trafficking.
English- Persuasive writing. Dear United Nations For many children around the world, their early years are far from safe, a supportive environment they require to give them the best possible start in life is non-existent. As well as the threats from poverty, disease, violence and war, children face commercial exploitation by adults who deny them their fundamental rights to protection. Some 1.2 million children are now estimated by you (the UN) to be trafficked annually. Around 246 million children are also thought to be involved in child labour and an estimated two million children are currently enslaved in the global commercial sex trade. Everyday millions of children are exploited, abused, or are victims of violence. Bought and sold like commodities, children are forced to be soldiers, prostitutes, sweatshop workers, and servants, and the government sit around making predictions about child exploitation, but not doing anything to change it. Poverty, conflict, HIV/AIDS, urbanisation and migration have led to the breakdown of families and support structures in communities. Families are struggling to cope. As a result, more and more children are at risk of violence, abuse, exploitation and being abandoned. Children are particularly vulnerable in emergencies because they are physically weaker than adults and risk being separated from their families. Food and water
Compare and contrast the role of the teacher in the two key stages you have experienced so far.
Compare and contrast the role of the teacher in the two key stages you have experienced so far. The role of the teacher in the two key stages is both similar and different in many ways. These can be established through a detailed analysis and observation of the teachers' roles both inside and outside the classroom setting. One means of doing this is to look at the teachers' roles against the heading for the standards for QTS. These headings are Professional Values and Practice, Knowledge and Understanding, Planning, Assessment and Teaching and Class management. Please see Appendix. For each heading the similarities and differences in roles for the two key stages will be considered. Both teachers exhibit strong professional values and practice. Pollard (2002) stresses the importance of being aware of every pupil's 'unique biography' p. 82. Both teachers observed have considered the diversity of the children they teach in respect of their social, cultural, linguistic, religious and ethnic backgrounds and are concerned with their development as lifelong learners. Both teachers demonstrate and promote positive values, attitudes and behaviour in their classrooms. Pollard (2002) explains that 'the concept of fairness is vitally important' p.119. Although the teachers use different means to promote the positive atmosphere, the values are very similar. Both recognise the role of
To what extent has research supported Bowlby's claim that a child's attachment to the mother is unique.
Ami Loveridge September 2003 AS Psychology Developmental Psychology-Attachment To what extent has research supported Bowlby's claim that a child's attachment to the mother is unique. Bowlby said that a child's attachment to the mother is unique, and that a child cannot make the same attachment to someone else. A lot of research has been done to prove this theory for right or wrong over the years and in this essay, I plan to bring the research together to come to a conclusion about a child's attachment to its mother and whether or not it is unique. Bowlby came up with the theory that attachment is innate, that it is natural to the child for survival. He thought that a deprivation or privation of attachment during critical periods produced emotional and social problems later in life. Bowlby came up with the Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis. He decided that separation from the mother, caused bond disruption and if the separation was severe then it caused bond detachment and that once broken, the bond between the mother and the child could never be rebuilt. That the infant cannot even form a similar new attachment with someone else as they have already gone through all the development stages and it would be too late to o back. Bowlby tried to prove his theory that the attachment between the mother and the child is innate by studying the imprinting of birds and their
Gay adoption.
Adoption Although courts have gone to great lengths to provide every child with one mother and one father, the realities of family formation and parenting are considerably more complex. Just a few years ago, most children grew up in a "traditional" or "nuclear" family, which refers to the conjugal household consisting of a husband, a wife, and their dependent children, whose relationships are traditionally recognized by family law. Today, fewer and fewer households are deemed "traditional" families. Societal changes have brought about the rise of "alternative" or "non-traditional" families which include group living, unmarried cohabitation and single-parent families, all of which are mutually interdependent households, but not, historically, so recognized by family law. Although these arrangements - specifically same-sex couples - appear to be distinct from the traditional family, they often embody and preserve the many values and functions of the traditional family, including support, loyalty, values, welfare, love and affection. Furthermore, many committed same-sex couples have and raise children. Nevertheless, for those living in these alternative arrangements, the law has not kept pace with these social evolutions. Moreover, in order for these individuals to assert any legal rights based on a family relationship, such as health insurance and inheritance benefits, they
A brief introduction of the internet
INTERNET TALK Today, the internet has played a huge part in revolutionized our lives and along with it, comes IRC. What is IRC? IRC (Internet relay chat) is multi-user chat system or program that enables multiple users to chat with one another on their personal computers via a huge network of servers around the world in a real time mode. IRC provides an alternative way of communication as opposed to chatting on the phone. "Internet Relay Chat was originally written by Jarkko Oikarinen in the year 1988. Since its birth in Finland, IRC is in use in over sixty countries worldwide" (1) (Daniel Stenberg, 2002). Jarkko Oikarinen was then still a university student when he wrote the chat program. Anyone with an internet connection can participate in the live chat. What made IRC more superior than any chat programs that existed at that time is that IRC is free. How does it work then? Internet Relay Chat is consisted of several networks. Each network comprises a number of servers and each server comprises many channels (chat rooms you can chat in). When IRC first began, it had only one network. Now, there are a total of five. To chat, a user chooses a network, then a server in the network he has chosen, then a channel in that server. He is then ready to chat with others (Dey Alexander ,2004). In every chat room on ant IRC server, "it usually has users and at least one operator.
A summary of attachment theory.
A summary of attachment theory. Copyright 1999, R. F. Bettler, Jr. Attachment theory derives from work of Bowlby in his three volume examination of the mother-child bonding. His notions derive from evolutionary principles and cybernetics. Babies have evolved certain behaviors because they increased survival: orienting towards the caregiver, distress over separation from the caregiver, searching for the caregiver. Human parents have evolved to respond to certain features of the baby, e.g., physiological arousal at the baby's cries, attraction to neonate facial features, etc. Bowlby felt that from his/her early experiences with caregivers, the child created a mental model of how relationships operate. Throughout life, then, the child, even into adulthood, will expect love relationships to echo the relationship he/she formed with important caregivers. If those early relationships were warm and caring, then the child would grow up expecting that other relationships would be warm and caring. If the early relationships were cold and neglectful, or even abusive, then the person would grow up expecting the same from other adult relationships. Note that this is similar to the Freudian notion of identification: The child incorporates aspects of the caregiver's personality into his/her own. One of Bowlby's students, Mary Ainsworth studied the bonding between mothers and children in a
