It has been established that human social development depends in a fundamental way on the early formation of lasting bonds with other people. The processes involved in the formation of bonds are known as attachment. The word 'attachment' has been applied
WORDCOUNT - 5347 It has been established that human social development depends in a fundamental way on the early formation of lasting bonds with other people. The processes involved in the formation of bonds are known as attachment. The word 'attachment' has been applied to the reciprocal processes between an individual/infant and another specific individual/person, which is the foundation for acceptance of each other. Early relationships are thought crucial to emotional development as a caregiver that is consistently caring gives a child the self-assurance that will carry on in subsequent relationships. Freud and learning theorists once thought that bonding and attachment process between infant and mother was 'cupboard love' due to the mother providing the infant with nourishment. Basic needs of an infant such as nourishment were given priority over emotional needs because little was known of their emotional needs. Studies and research, ( Schaffer and Emerson 1964) show basic needs are inter-related and inter-dependant upon emotional needs for example, an infant that is hungry will not eat if unhappy and may need physical contact as the priority. (See Harlow's studies of primates that prefer comfort to food detailed on page 6) This assignment attempts to critically evaluate some of the many studies of the psychological theory of attachment and their importance or
For this assignment I have decided to look at the disorder known as ADHD (Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder), or its European description Hyperkinetic disorder.
For this assignment I have decided to look at the disorder known as ADHD (Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder), or its European description Hyperkinetic disorder. For the purposes of this assignment I will use the term ADHD. The reason I have chosen this particular subject is that there are many arguments surrounding the diagnosis, treatment and management of this potentially disabling developmental disorder. It is a disorder, which is enduring; affecting the physical, social, psychological and spiritual life of the individual, it also presents with acute episodes, which may also require nursing intervention. I have worked with children and adults with ADHD and find it amazing that in some cases little is known by parents, carers and the individuals about the condition. Is this because resources are poor, or because opinion is divided on the condition itself? Munden & Arcelus (1999) comment that many parents become despondent, because their attempts to find either an explanation for ADHD or a way of rectifying it have been unsuccessful. To begin a definition of ADHD will be given, this will be followed by an explanation of the diagnostic approach used in determining ADHD, showing differences in current thinking on the subject. As a future learning disability nurse, I aim to look at the link between ADHD and learning disabilities. The assignment will then look at the
This assessment is to devise a medium term plan and to plan a range of activities and experiences that would benefit development for children aged between four and five years. The activities I will be planning will be closely linked
Introduction The setting in which I am carrying out this assessment is a county infants school in the reception class. The school is located on the outskirts northwest of the town Ipswich. There are children altogether attending the school and there are twenty-eight children in the reception class. Inside the classroom there is space on the carpet for all the children to sit, there are tables and chairs but not enough for all of the children. They have regular use of a classroom (that will be used when the next year of children move up at Easter) and also the main hall. Outside there is a large playground with an adventure playground at one end containing climbing apparatus, there is also a medium sized field that is only used in good weather. The children in the school are all aged between four and seven years. The class I am focusing on has children in the age range of four and five. The class follows the Foundation Stage curriculum. Aim The aim of this assessment is to devise a medium term plan and to plan a range of activities and experiences that would benefit development for children aged between four and five years. The activities I will be planning will be closely linked to the six areas of learning from the Foundation Stage curriculum. The areas that I hope the children will be encouraged in will be: * Knowledge and understanding of the world * Personal,
This assignment describes and analyses my involvement with a 13-year-old client Joe Smith, who was temporarily supported under section 25 (voluntary) of the Children's (Scotland) Act 1995 to be Looked After and Accommodated by the Local Authority.
Introduction This assignment describes and analyses my involvement with a 13-year-old client Joe Smith, who was temporarily supported under section 25 (voluntary) of the Children's (Scotland) Act 1995 to be Looked After and Accommodated by the Local Authority. The process of intervention will be discussed from pre-engagement, assessment and gathering of information to client interaction and networking with other agencies. Using reflection, I will critically analyse how I planned and responded to the needs and risks in regard to Joe, and assess my role and the impact of my intervention. I shall also discuss my learning outcomes and the process of supervision. The theoretical knowledge gained and relevant legislation will be considered to demonstrate how I applied these in my practice. I acted in accordance with agency policies and procedures regarding the client's rights and confidentiality, by asking the family's permission to write about the case. I advised the family that the names would be changed to ensure confidentiality and that access to the assignment would be for course purposes only. (Social Worker Records Groups 1989) I also advised the family that they had a right to read my assignment in accordance with the Data Protection Act (1998) and under section (2) of the Access to Personal Files (Social Work) (Scotland) Regulations 1989 (Mays, 2001, p379) I felt
Correlation between age and sleep
Correlation between age and sleep Psychology A level coursework by Bozena Ewertowska Table of contents Abstract...........................2 Introduction.....................3 Methods...........................9 Results...........................13 Discussion......................16 References......................21 Appendices......................22 Abstract The area of study was duration of sleep. The aim of this activity was to measure the correlation between sleep and age. Past research has shown a negative correlation, which means as we grow older we have less sleep. The research method was survey, and a sleep diary was used to collect the data. Sleep diary were recorded over seven consecutive days. There were 26 participants, males and females, aged 17 - 53. The participants were chosen using opportunity sampling. Weak correlation has been found on scattegraph but the correlation was not significant (p=0.05, critical value = 0.331, observed value = - 0.250). Therefore the null hypothesis was retain. There is no correlation between age and sleep. Further analysis of sleep duration in age group showed that the higher needs for sleep are required by young people, age group 17 - 20, 20 - 30. Duration of sleep' people over 30 are the lowest, just around 6 hours. This could be related with family and work responsibility associated with this age. People in
A qualitative study to explore the meaning of identity using interview data and relating it to theoretical understanding in this area
A qualitative study to explore the meaning of identity using interview data and relating it to theoretical understanding in this area Abstract This qualitative study explores the subject of identity in relation to a pre-recorded interview of a married couple who are asked specific research questions. A thermatic analysis of the interview is carried out and relevant material extracted. This information is then interpreted in relation to theoretical understanding on the subject of identity to compare the two - how does the 'lived reality', as represented by the individuals interviewed, fit in to various theories on identity? Introduction From the information gathered from the interview, Jo and Tony have experienced a great deal of social changes that have happened to them personally, in their time. Using the information they offer in their interview, they have both experienced a war and were young children when their fathers were taken away from them. They both had a disruptive childhood and had very limited options when leaving school. Many social changes have taken place in the last 50 years including changes in gender roles, patterns of employment, changing class and ethnic composition of the UK. These social changes are taking place at a global level as well as at a personal level and can produce uncertainties in relation to who we are and our place in the world.
The Matching Hypothesis
Abstract My study aimed to test the matching hypothesis and see if there was a correlation between the ratings of physical attraction for real couples. In order to test this hypothesis an opportunity sample was used at a local shopping centre where willing participants were given a questionnaire which had 20 pictures of the opposite sex. They were asked to rate the physical attractiveness of the individuals on a scale of 1-10. The questionnaires comprised of males and females (from a real relationship) and also males and females that were randomly selected (fake couples - control group). Once the results had been collected they were analysed and then run through a statistical test to measure the strength of the correlation (rho) - Spearman's rank correlation test. The critical value of rho at a 5% level for a one tailed hypothesis with 10 pieces of data was 0.564. The observed value of rho for the correlation of the real couples in my study was 0.327. This number was lower than the critical value and as a result deemed insignificant. For this reason I decided to reject my alternative hypothesis and accept the null. This shows similar physical attraction is not the only decider when individuals are looking for a partner. Introduction Physical attractiveness is characterised by many things and it is very often the reason for the formation of relationships. An individual may
Levels Of Processing
LAURA BISHOP BRIDGWATER COLLEGE: 63205 CANDIDATE NUMBER: 6281 Contents Page PAGE 1 Abstract PAGE 2-3 Introduction PAGE 4 Aim and Hypothesis PAGE 5-6 Method PAGE 7-8 Results PAGE 9-11 Discussion PAGE 12 References and Bibliography PAGE 13 Appendix 1, Introduction Script PAGE 14 Appendix 2, Debrief PAGE 15 Appendix 3, Visual Word List Questionnaire (condition 1) PAGE 16 Appendix 4, Semantic Word List Questionnaire (cond 2) PAGE 17 Appendix 5, Questionnaire participant Answer sheet PAGE 18 Appendix 6, Participants recall of words PAGE 19 Appendix 7, Inferential Statistics (mathematical calculations) Abstract The aim was to find out the effects of levels of processing on recall. The investigation is based on Craik and Lockhart's theory regarding visual processing which is the shallowest and semantic which is the deepest level. A one tailed (directional) hypothesis was used stating that there would be a significant increase in the number of words recalled in the semantic condition compared to the visual condition. The method was experimental and the independent groups design was used. There were two conditions: visual processing vs. semantic processing. Each condition had ten participants, a
Consider the Problems Faced by Psychologists in the Definition of Abnormality
Consider the Problems Faced by Psychologists in the Definition of Abnormality Abnormality is a term that is difficult to define due to the wide range of behaviours displayed by people. There are not a certain set of characteristics which can be directly related to abnormality, which could therefore be used to define abnormal behaviour. Because of this, each of the separate behaviours must be judged by an independent individual in order to decide whether it ought to be classed as abnormal or normal. However, the judgement made may be affected by a number of factors, most prominently cultural relativism. In an attempt to define abnormality psychologists have put forward four key ways of determining the difference between normal behaviour and deviations from this. These are statistical infrequency, deviation from social norms, deviations from ideal mental health, and a failure to function adequately. The first of the four definitions is statistical infrequency. This method of classification uses deviation from an average in numerical form to show the boundaries of abnormality. This is a way of measuring specific characteristics statistically. A normal distribution curve of a certain behaviour belonging to the population would be drawn, to show the population distribution- the highest percentage should be seen around the middle at the average, with decreasing percentages as
whether leading questions can affect a person's memory of a question and insert an object that is not there into the memory.
Introduction Memory is the minds ability to store information and use it. A single process has yet not been defined about it and several theories exist about its nature. It has a huge role on our everyday lives and can be categorised into two main parts: short-term memory and long-term memory. Short-term memory stores a limited amount of information for a period of a few seconds. It can also be referred to as the 'primary', 'working' or 'active' part of the memory. On the other hand, long-term memory is stored as meaning and can last from 30 seconds to time periods as long as decades. The reliability of memory is often questioned. Memory is extremely malleable. Studies have shown that memories are often constructed after the fact has been told, and suggestions from others help fill the gaps. For example, if a police officer shows a witness a picture of an assailant and then shown a line-up of possible assailants, whether the witness is recalling the person they saw or the person in the picture is questionable. Bartlett (1932) investigated the effect of schema on a participant's recall of a story. A schema is a mental structure that represents some aspect of the world. They are used by people to organise current knowledge and is thought to provide a framework for future understanding. His theory of reconstructive memory is crucial to an understanding of eyewitness testimony
