Affect Of Varying Salt Concentration on Red Blood Cell Haemolysis
COURSEWORK INVESTIGATION Affect Of Varying Salt Concentration on Red Blood Cell Haemolysis Tahir Aziz CONTENTS > Plan > Outline method > Key variables > Risk assessment > Preliminary results > Method > Results of control experiments > Results > Conclusions > Main trends and patterns > Explanation of results > Experimental limitations Affect Of Varying Salt Concentration on Red Blood Cell Haemolysis Abstract The average adult has about five litres of blood living inside of their body, coursing through their vessels, delivering essential elements, and removing harmful wastes. Without blood, the human body would stop working. Blood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen from the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide from body tissue to the lungs. Blood is the fluid of growth, transporting nourishment from digestion and hormones from glands throughout the body. Blood is the fluid of health, transporting disease fighting substances to the tissue and waste to the kidneys. Because it contains living cells, blood is alive. Red blood cells and white blood cells are responsible for nourishing and cleansing the body. Since the cells are alive, they too need nourishment. Vitamins and Minerals keep the blood healthy. The blood cells have a definite life cycle, just as all living organisms do. Approximately 55 percent of blood is plasma, a straw-collared clear
Determining the Water Potential of Sweet Potato Tissue
Determining the Water Potential of Sweet Potato Tissue Introduction The aim of this experiment is to determine the water potential of sweet potato tissue using osmosis. This can be achieved by placing the samples inside different molarities of sucrose solution and work out the percentage change in mass and then with the aid of a conversion graph convert molarity to water potential (kPa), without the weight of the sweet potatoes being a factor. Background Knowledge In mature plant cells, the fluid filled vacuole occupies most of the cell volume therefore in order to determine the water potential of the sample I would need to work out the water potential of this fluid inside the cell. Substances can pass in and out of cells by four different processes: * Diffusion * Osmosis * Active transport * Endocytosis & exocytosis All these processes involve substances passing through the cell membrane of the cell. In this investigation, I only need to consider osmosis. OSMOSIS is the movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane. This is a colligative property i.e. dependent on the concentration of particles in a solution. The water molecules involved always move down a ? gradient. It happens because of the natural kinetic energy possessed by the particles, which makes them move
Transport across plasma membranes
Transport across plasma membranes In this essay I will discuss and explain the transport across plasma membranes, to do this, I shall refer to osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport and finally, exocytosis and endocytosis. Like all other cellular membranes, the plasma membrane consists of both lipids and proteins. The fundamental structure of the membrane is the phospholipid bilayer, which forms a stable barrier between two aqueous compartments. In the case of the plasma membrane, these compartments are the inside and the outside of the cell. Proteins embedded within the phospholipid bilayer carry out the specific functions of the plasma membrane, including selective transport of molecules. The diagram opposite shows the fluid The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier between the cell and the extracellular environment. Its permeability properties ensure that essential molecules such as glucose, amino acids, and lipids are able to readily enter the cell, leaving larger substances remaining in the cell. This allows the cell to maintain a constant internal environment. This is more commonly known as osmosis; the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration. It is a physical, hydrophilic process in which a solvent moves, across a semi-permeable membrane
Human Reproductive System
The Human Reproductive System Structures of the male reproductive system Bulb of penis The bulb of penis is the expanded posterior part of the corpus spongiosum of the penis. It lies in the interval between the crura of the penis. It contains slightly dilated and angulated portion of the urethra. Bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland The bulbourethral gland is pea-sized structures located on the sides of the urethra below the prostate gland. It produces a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra. These fluids lubricate the urethra and neutralises any acidity that may be present due to residual drops of urine in the urethra. Corona The corona is a rounded projecting border that forms the circumference of the base of the glans. It is located behind the penis and overhangs a deep retroglancular sulcus Corpora cavernosum penis The corpus cavernosum penis is one of the pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue in the penis. It contains irregular spaces which are filled with blood during erection. These spaces are lined by endothelium and separated by connective tissue septa. Corpus spongiosum penis The corpus spongiosum penis is the median column of erectile tissue located between and ventral to the two corpora cavernosa penis. Posteriorly It expands into the bulb of penis and terminates as enlarged glans penis anteriorly. Ductus (vas) deferens The
To investigate the effect of trampling on the frequency of creeping moss - Plan
Aim: To investigate the effect of trampling on the frequency of creeping moss Hypothesis: As you move away from the footpath the frequency of creeping moss increases. Scientific name: Pseudoscleropodium purum Justification of hypothesis: As the distance from the path increases, the frequency of creeping moss increases. This is because people tread on this area and therefore make the abundance of creeping moss lower. Box Hill had "1 million visits a year" Emma Peasland, senior tutor, FSC, 24/01/07 (personal communication). It has been around and popular for over 20 years. This means the footpath has been trampled on by a possible 200 million people. If the soil has been trampled on by a possible 200 million people then the footpath is likely to be compressed and the roots of the creeping moss are forced to be of low height and therefore be weak and unstable. Because they are unstable, they will easily be ripped out of their roots. "Soils that are deep, well-drained, and have desirable texture and structure are suitable for the production of most garden or landscape plants. Deep soils can hold more plant nutrients and water than can shallow soils with similar textures. Depth of soil and its capacity for nutrients and water frequently determine the yield from a crop, particularly annual crops that are grown with little or no irrigation. Plants growing on shallow soils
Sand Dune Succession Coursework
Sand Dune Succession Coursework Aim: The aim of this experiment is to discover how the pH value and the humus value of soil samples collected along a 600 metre transect change as we travel away from the shoreline. The results will indicate how succession has an affect upon the soil and the environment. Also the plant species number will be recorded and a trend will be drawn from the results of percentage cover. Background Summary: Succession is a gradual directional change in an ecosystem over time. A good example of primary succession can be seen on coastal sand dunes such as Winterton sand dunes. Here many stages of succession can be seen in one place. Primary succession is when the starting point is bare ground with no living things present. In this case the starting point is bare sand. The first species to colonise bare ground like this are called pioneer plants. These are able to survive in very difficult conditions and are more salt tolerant than other plants. The sand has very few nutrients and is also unstable. The pioneer plants, examples are sea rocket and sea holly, must be tolerant of salt pray and have xeromorphic features which aid survival in an area with a lack of fresh water in the fast-drying sand. Over many years the environmental conditions become more suitable for a wider range of plants to live. As the number of species increases, competition
"An investigation into the Respiration of Carbohydrate Substrates by Yeast."
AS Biology Coursework 2004. Lucy Nuttney "An investigation into the Respiration of Carbohydrate Substrates by Yeast." Abstract. The investigation considered the reactivity of respiration of three different carbohydrate substrates; glucose, sucrose and starch, by two different sub-species of saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. The rate of reaction was measured by collecting volumes of gas in a displacement reaction at standardised conditions e.g. time, temperature, pressure, volume of yeast/ sugar. Results showed that glucose produced the most carbon dioxide, followed by sucrose then starch, the biggest difference being between sucrose and starch. Baker's yeast had a slightly higher average than brewer's yeast but it was not considered to be a significant difference and therefore could have been due to chance. It was concluded that both yeasts respire glucose and sucrose at insignificantly different rates but the difference between starch is much larger and therefore much more significant. Pilot Experiment. Before we could test which carbohydrate and type of yeast produced more carbon dioxide, we had to standardise the other variables of this experiment; temperature and concentration. Therefore, in order to find the optimum conditions we carried out a pilot experiment. In this experiment we used a range of temperatures from 10° to 60°C and
Difference in number of Stomata in different leaves
Biology Coursework An investigation will be carried out to see how the numbers of stomata differ in different plant species. Stomata are tiny openings found on the underside of the plant leaf. [1] The pore is formed by a pair of cells called 'Guard Cells'. Guard cells control the opening of the stomata. These pores on the underside of the plant leaf allow carbon dioxide to enter. Carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis. At the same time when the stomata are open Oxygen and water vapour escape from inside of the plant. Water vapour leaving the plant is called Transpiration. This occurs mostly in leaves of the plant but can be from the flower and the stem. Hypothesis The leaves of different plants and the sections of leaves will have different number of stomata. The amount of stomata on the plant leaf is dependant on the environment. The plants that are in temperate environment will have many more stomata than the plants that are in Tropical environments. Null Hypothesis There is no difference in the number of stomata in any plant leaf or any section of the plant. Any difference is purely due to chance I will investigate how to find out the different number of stomata in a plant leaf. Experiment Apparatus Nail Varnish Microscope Microscopic slide Lab coat Tape Plant leaf Step by Step - Get apparatus 2- Take a leaf from a plant and mark 3 sections, top,
Biology coursework planning - the effect of lead chloride on the growth of cress seeds
Biology coursework planning - the effect of lead chloride on the growth of cress seeds Aim: To investigate the effect of different concentrations of a heavy metal chloride, namely lead chloride, on the growth of cress seeds. Introduction: Heavy metals compounds, such as lead chloride are able to dissolve in rain and enter the soils surrounding plants. Some sources of such compounds are exhaust fumes from vehicles, additives in gasoline and paints, fertilisers and mining. Lead chloride is able to accumulate in the soil at sufficient concentrations and is easily absorbed by plants. For plants, lead is a toxin and when present in significant amounts, can cause severe decreases in their growth as well as death. The toxicity of heavy metals is seen as the irregularities in the normal functioning of the plant rather than direct toxicity to plant cells. Symptoms include stunted growth and the yellowing of plants (called chlorosis). Heavy metals collect in different organs of a plant and produce variable effects. Lead disrupts the plant's plasma membrane structure as well as permeability (proteins in the membrane), osmotic balance (the intake of water and ions) and indirectly, plant metabolism (the availability of nutrients for chemical reactions.) These factors are discussed below in further detail. The root cells of a plant carry proteins called chelates in their cell
Osmosis. Aim: To find the molarity of potato tubers cell sap. BIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS Biological Knowledge ... 3 Explanation ... 3 Types of solutions and its effects on plant cell ... 4 Factors affecting rates of osmosis ... 6 Outline Method ... 9 Apparatus ... 9 Materials ... 9 Risk Assessments ... 9 Precautions ... 9 Apparatus Diagrams ... 10 Factors to be controlled ... 11 Method ... 11 Calculations to be used ... 12 Predicted Results ... 12 Prior Test ... 13 Obtaining Evidence ... 16 Apparatus ... 16 Materials ... 16 Risk Assessments ... 16 Precautions ... 16 Method ... 17 Results obtained for Mass ... 18 Results obtained for Length ... 19 Analysis ... 21 Trends in the Bar charts ... 25 Scientific Explanation ... 25 Determination of molarity ... 28 How far I have reached my predicted results ... 30 Evaluation ... 32 Errors ... 32 Accuracy and reliability of my results ... 32 Extension work ... 33 Bibliography ... 33 INTRODUCTION Biology Coursework Aim: To find the molarity of potato tuber's cell sap. BIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE Osmosis is the diffusion of fluid through a semi-permeable membrane from a solution with a low solute concentration to a solution with a higher solute
