Testing Hooke's Law
Testing Hooke's Law By Daniel Bowman 11CU Introduction Hooke's law is when forces applied to a solid object and it can result in extension or compression. Hooke's law is able to predict how a stretchable object would behave when a force is applied to it. Planning I aim to show how much force strips of black bin liners (polythene) will take before it reaches its elastic limit and obey Hooke's law. I will also investigate if the length of the strips can alter the results, keeping the width the same. The main suitable equipment I will need to use may include the two different types of plastic cut at different lengths and 100g masses to test the extension. I will obviously need other basic apparatus to carry out the investigation. My experiment will last until each strip of plastic splits, so I cannot at this time state how many masses I will require. Polythene The plastic I have chosen to use has many uses. Polythene is used to manufacture bottles, carrier bags, buckets, machine parts and bowls. This suggests to me that thickness of the plastic can affect the strength, as a plastic carrier bag is not as strong as a plastic bucket. I also no that there are two types of polythene: High density, which is rigid and hard, and low density, which is tough and flexible. Machine parts are generally made from high-density polystyrene whilst bottles are made from the
Investigation to show how Elastic Bands Behave Under Load.
Investigation to show how Elastic Bands Behave Under Load Prediction The aim of the investigation is to determine how elastic bands behave under load. Before I begin the investigation I will carry out a preliminary experiment into the behaviour of a spring, which I believe will not act in the same way as the elastic band. In the preliminary investigation a spring was put under load and the results were as follows: Load/g Length/cm Extension/cm 0 2.2 0 00 1.0 8.8 200 3.1 0.9 300 5.3 3.1 400 7.2 5.0 500 21.1 8.9 600 24.6 22.4 700 29.0 26.8 800 34.3 32.1 900 88.5 36.3 000 42.0 39.8 100 46.6 44.4 200 300 400 From previous knowledge of Hooke's Law, which explains, extension is proportional to load until elastic limit is reached. The preliminary experiment with the spring shows, that they obey Hooke's Law up until the point of permanent deformation (elastic limit). I think that the thinner rubber band will have a bigger extension than the thicker band and the longer band will have bigger extension than the shorter band. I think the longer rubber band will have the biggest extension because the molecules within the rubber band are larger and are less intertwined and the molecules are therefore stretched further causing it to have a greater extension. Although the band is stretched the rubber band does not obey Hooke's Law. The
The Oscillation Of A Spring.
The Oscillation Of A Spring Idea: My investigation is to find the relationship between the size of one oscillation of a spring, and the length of the spring, which will be determined by various masses being attached to the end of the spring as shown in the diagram below. During the course of the experiment, there will be three controlled variables. These are (a) - the spring size (b) - the clamp, stand, and vice (c) - the number of times the spring oscillates The independent variable in this experiment will be the different masses and my two dependant variables are (a) - the speed of the oscillation (b) - the energy of the oscillation Diagram: When set up, the apparatus being used should look like this: Method: Set up a clamp and stand and secure the stand with a vice to reduce vibration and movement of the stand. Attach the clamp as low down to the table as possible to ensure that there is less vibration still and suspend the spring over the edge of the table on the 'mouth' of the clamp. Attach a mass to the bottom of the spring and measure the displacement. Place a pointer 10cm under the new length of the spring. Pull the spring down to the pointer and time how long it takes for the spring to oscillate ten times. Replace the mass and repeat the experiment. Do this for each mass. Repeat the whole experiment three times for more accurate results and find the mean
What affects the kinetic energy of a trolley?
What affects the kinetic energy of a trolley? In this experiment I will be trying to see if the amount a spring is compressed affects the speed of a Trolley when released against the trolley. I'll be using a 'light gate' attached to a time to help me to find out how fast the trolley passes the light gate out, from this I will be able to figure out the speed and how much Kinetic energy the trolley has. Plan Aim: To see if the amount a spring is compressed by affects the speed of the trolley pushed by the spring. I will also be looking to see if I can find any patterns in the results I get and see if there is any way I can predict what. Variables: Independent Variable: In this experiment I will have only one independent variable, which I will change though out the experiment. The independent variable will be how much the spring is compressed, each time I compress the spring I will increase it by another centimetre until I have done it from 1 - 15 cm. From this I should be able to see if there is a regular increase in the speed the trolley travels at when I increase the amount that the spring is compressed by. Dependent Variables: I'll have several Dependent variables in this experiment to try and help keep it a fair test. The first one being that I'll keep all the other variables the same (e.g. Mass and Distance). I'll also make sure that I use all the same
An investigation into the behaviour of springs inparallel when a mass is applied.
An investigation into the behaviour of springs in parallel when a mass is applied. Introduction: Springs are simple coils of wire that extend when a mass is applied to it, and if that mass does not stretch the spring beyond its elastic limit, then once the mass is removed then the spring should return to its previous position. Robert Hooke in the 1650's was the first scientist to carry out detailed experiments on springs, and in 1656 he published his work. All springs have one common characteristic shown on the graph below. [image001.gif] [image002.gif] [image003.gif] [image004.gif] Elastic Limit: this is the stage where a mass is applied and the spring extends and when the mass is removed then the spring returns to its rest position. Elastic Limit: this is the maximum length than a spring can be stretched to and then return to its rest position. Plastic Stage: this is the stage when the spring will not return to its rest position as the spring has been stretched beyond its limit. The graph above shows the behaviour of all springs when a load is applied. Between points O and E the line of the graph is straight through the origin. But between points E and A the line is curved and declines this is because the spring has been stretched beyond its elastic limit and can no longer return to its previous rest state. OE = Stretching Force [image005.gif]
Our Universe as a Laboratory for Understanding Physical Laws
Our Universe as a Laboratory for Understanding Physical Laws Cosmology is the study of the origin, current state, and future of our Universe. With recent technological advances, we have been able to probe deeper and deeper into the large scale structure of the vast universe and the small scale structure of matter. Our basis of understanding and determining fundamental physical laws in assumed to be correct when measured locally in laboratory experiments. These laws are verified over and over again so that they can be extrapolated to a distant time and place where they can be investigated with modern astronomical methods. The universe is basically used as a massive laboratory. The universe as defined by Dr. Green is "everything that can be measured now or at any time in the future." What if our current understanding of the universe is not as perfect as we believe it to be? Our just we being egocentric in assuming that the fundamental physical laws that we have determined locally can apply to the rest of the universe? I am going to discuss why our universe is the best laboratory for understanding and determining the fundamental physical laws and then I will make an argument against this premise using dark matter, dark energy, Standard Candles, and Type 1a supernovae as a basis for discussion. A great reason why our universe is such a good laboratory is that everything is
Plan of experiment to investigate the effect of different spring stiffness with the same weight
Plan of experiment to investigate the effect of different spring stiffness with the same weight What I am going to investigate in this experiment is the relation of the period of springs with their stiffness. I will carry out this investigation the following way: First I will get 14 springs of the same resistance or similar and combine them to create different spring stiffness. These are the combination: 2 in parallel with 1 in series, 2 in series, 3 in series, 2 in parallel, 3 in parallel. The following is the rest of the apparatus that I will need: clamp stand, 1 clamp holder, I stopwatch, unknown mass (for the moment) Now, this is how I will carry out the test: First, I will set up the apparatus as the drawing below. Once this apparatus has been set up I will get the weight (which I will decide on later) then I will put one of the spring combination hanging from the clamp holder and put the weight to hang from it. Then I will input an extra force so that it starts oscillating with the up and down motion and with the stop watch in my hand I will get the oscillation rhythm by doing a count down of 3, 2, 1, 0 and then I will start the stop watch and count 10 oscillation and stop the stopwatch. I will repeat this five times for each spring combination. I will do the same operation for each of the spring combination. Now for deciding the mass that I will use in the
The experiment involves the determination, of the effective mass of a spring (ms) and the spring constant (k). It is known that the period (T),
Investigation of the Properties of a Spring 14/11/99. Introduction The experiment involves the determination, of the effective mass of a spring (ms) and the spring constant (k). It is known that the period (T), of small oscillations of a mass (m) at the end of a helical spring is given by the formula: T= 2??(m+ms) k In this experiment the same clamp was used for all readings to make sure there were no miss-readings taken due to differences in the way the clamp and stand reacted to the movement of the mass. Also the spring in all readings was the same as, after all the ms and k of two different springs is going to be different and lead to different readings. The things that were varied in the experiment were, the number of slotted masses on the end of the spring and the number of oscillations of the mass to be counted. The number of oscillations (T) will be measured using a stopcock. Which was varied to give a number between 20 and 30. To keep the number of oscillations, for every mass as similar to each other as possible. To help keep the experiment fair. So to find ms and k the following experiment was devised and carried out: A clamp and stand were used to hold a spring in position, onto which varying sizes of mass were placed. These masses were allowed to bob on the bottom of the spring and a specified number of oscillations were timed using a stop
OCR Physics B Research Project - The Expanding Universe
The Expanding Universe Originally most people believed that the universe was constant as this seemed both more sensible and more comforting. Most Greeks set the planets, sun and other stars in a series of fixed spheres. Newton's religious beliefs lead him to create a static and eternal model of the universe where there is an infinite number of stars and each of them are the same and equally distant equally distant, thus causing their attractions to cancel out, despite obvious problems with this idea. Even once most scientists agreed that the universe is expanding or that it has done so in the past, there was much speculation about why it is expanding and what will happen to it in the future. Hypotheses such as the Big Bang and Steady State models of the universe have persuaded physicists over the past century. Some remain in favour while many others have been dismissed on the basis of observational evidence. The static universe This was historically the most popular view as it seems to fit best with everyday experience of the universe. Until Newton developed his Theory of Gravitation, there seemed to be no particular reason to dismiss this idea. It became ingrained in the minds of many people to the extent that scientists who could see that it was not consistent with currently accepted Theories rejected the idea of a changing universe. Once the idea of a universal
Investigation based on Hooke's law.
Background Information. This investigation will be based on Hooke's law. Robert Hooke was born in 1635, he was well known for his studies of elasticity. Hooke's most important discovery is the correct formulation of the theory of elasticity. An object is said to behave elastically when equal increases in the force applied to it produce equal changes in length. If a graph is drawn to show the average extension plotted against the load in Newtons a positive straight-line gradient should be seen, as extension is directly proportional to the load. The ratio between the load and the extension gives us a constant, this constant is called the spring or force constant. Hooke's law states: F = kx k = the constant of proportionality (the spring constant). x = the spring extension (e.g. x metres) Or: The deformation of a material is proportional to the force applied to it provided the elastic limit is not exceeded. The elastic limit is when the spring is permanently stretched on deformed, so it doesn't return to its original shape, as the molecules in the metal of the spring cannot return to the original shape; as the following graph demonstrates. Elasticity can also be shown in this simple diagram: The Molecular Level Description. Before. After. Combinations of springs. Hypothesis. ) I think that the stretch of the two springs in series will be double the stretch of