To Find the Quality of Players Playing Rugby for Malvern College 1st XV.
Maths Statistics Investigation Maths Statistics Investigation To Find the Quality of Players Playing Rugby for Malvern College 1st XV Aim I will attempt during the course of this investigation to rate all of the players who played for Malvern 1st XV in the first 6 matches of the 2000 season. In order to do this I must collect the data, analyse each piece of data collected, and then devise some sort of system using a formula that will rate an individual player over the course of the season. This formula must not only calculate the player's point score for each match according to a points system which I shall devise, but also average the points score over the season taking into account time missed through injury. I will also calculate the average standard of player using the mean, and also find the standard deviation to show the average deviation from the mean. Plan In order to devise my scoring system I must first decide on the categories that I shall use for my scoring system. I have decided that there will be two criteria for assessment of a player. These criteria will be: *Time spent on the pitch + time out due to injury, divided by number of matches played to find the average time spent on the pitch. *Coach's assessment percentage score for each match, taking into account position and what is required. I will add up the score for each match and divide by the number
The rate of respiration in yeast and how it is affected by temperature.
The rate of respiration in yeast and how it is affected by temperature. Science Biology: Planning For my coursework I am going to investigate how temperature can change the rate of respiration on yeast. I shall do this by conducting an experiment which will involve the timing of the yeast, water and glucose. I shall time how long it takes for the yeast mixture to respire 10 bubbles. I have chosen yeast because it responds quite quickly so it doesn't take all day. When I chose yeast I was aware of the factors that will affect enzymes and living things. These are: * Temperature * Oxygen availability * Glucose availability * PH * Radiation (Not in my experiment) * Water * Concentration Preliminary Work I discovered that the PH in the experiment denatures the enzyme as do other enzymes and temperature. Anaerobic respiration is the production of carbon dioxide without the use of oxygen. So all living things need oxygen to aerobically respire and yeast is a living thing. As yeast aerobically respires it produces ethanol which gives us the smell of the alcohol. I am using glucose because it reacts with yeast. The preliminary experiment showed that as the concentration of the water and yeast solution to the fixed amount of glucose increases the rate of reaction and therefore produces more carbon dioxide, we measured this in how long 10 bubbles took to come out of the
Who’s Cheating on the Vinegar?
Who's Cheating on the Vinegar? Vinegar is an ethanoic acid. A wholesaler supplies chip shops. Design an investigation which identifies which chip shops are watering down the vinegar. Background Theory All acids contain the element "hydrogen". Water ionises the hydrogen to make it H+. To react all acids have to be ionised. Strong acids are almost completely ionised and weak acid are only partially ionised, which is why they don't react as much as strong acids. The pH of any acid would be below 7 (neutral), ranging from 1 (strong acid) to 6 (weak acid). Anything above 7 is an alkali, pH 14 being a strong alkali and pH 8 being a weak alkali. In titration we add alkali to the acid until the mixture neutralises. We use an indicator to tell us at which point the neutralisation occurs. When we have this information we can find the concentration of the acid using the calculation concentration = moles dm³ The acid we are using in this experiment is ethanoic acid (vinegar). It is a weak acid and is only partly ionised. This is an organic acid. In an ionised acid the following process has occurred: HCl --> H+ Cl- (using hydrochloric acid as an example) In this investigation we have taken 5 different acids, one being used by a chip shop (acid A), to test which one is the most concentrated and which one is the most dilute (watered down) by
What Makes An Oil Runny?
What Makes An Oil Runny? Planning Apparatus Method We set up the apparatus as above. We then filled the capillary tube with oil. We then put a small ball bearing in to the tube and used a magnet to pull the ball bearing to the 22cm mark and checked the room temperature. We allowed the ball bearing to fall through the oil by removing the magnet. The person removing the magnet would count down in order for the person timing to be able to tine the experiment more accurately. We decided to take 7 readings and use only the five readings closest to each other and that were anomalies we repeated, so that on the whole we had a more accurate set of results. To make the experiment safe we all wore safety goggles and were careful not to expose the oil to a naked flame. We also ensured that we didn't get Hypothesis My hypothesis is that a body passes through a thick oil more slowly than a thin oil. Therefore the larger molecules are the less runny or more viscous. To support this theory I give the following examples C8H18 is a liquid and C32H68 is a solid. This helps to support my theory because the structure of the C32H68 is the same, just longer than C8H18 so the longer molecule of C32H68 is tangled like a piece of spaghetti and it is so tangled that it can't move and this makes it a solid the same idea works for the viscosity of the alkane liquids we tested in our experiment
Whats involved in Homeostasis.
Homeostasis Homeostasis is involved in keeping the body's internal environment constant (like the thermostat of a central heating system). Homeostasis keeps the body's temperature at a certain level (36.5oC) and it keeps the pH of the body at a certain level so that enzymes don't denature. Blood glucose is kept constant, CO2 levels and O2 levels are monitored to ensure that enough oxygen and not too much carbon dioxide are in the blood. The overall concentration and volume of blood is also monitored homeostatically. Cannon first used the term Homeostasis in the late 1920s. Homeostasis is very important to animals because it allows them to rely on the external environment. A constant internal environment allows a considerable degree of independence and allows animals to live in areas from the arctic to the tropics. Many of the mechanisms involved rely on negative feedback. A movement from the set level (e.g. a rise or fall in body temperature) is detected by receptors. These receptors then send information to the control centre in the brain which reacts by returning to the original value. For example, the temperature control mechanism. Humans maintain body temperature within 1oC of 36.5. If the temperature rises too high, the resulting increase in blood temperature is detected by receptors in the hypothalamus in the brain. The heat loss centre also in the hypothalamus sends
The Use Of Enzymes in Medicine
The Use Of Enzymes in Medicine The application of enzymes in medicine (or enzymology) is a constantly evolving industry. This is mainly due to huge improvements in technology (recombinant DNA) and genetic engineering in recent years (Fullick, 2000). Enzymes form a critical part of understanding diseases and their causes, as enzyme deficiencies are often central to many genetic diseases. Some harmful bacteria are also more effective due to their enzyme activity (www.enzymes.co.uk /answer_medicine.htm). Medically used enzymes can be used to diagnose, treat and cure many medical problems or dysfunctions. Enzymes are a hugely important part of our own metabolic pathways and biological processes, but can also be used in an industrial format. Often referred to as organic catalysts, they allow metabolic reactions to occur and control these reactions in such a way that the amount of products produced can comfortably meet the needs of the cells. Enzymes are specific to certain biochemical reactions. The first application of enzymes in medicine I am going to examine is Analysis. Glucose oxidase and peroxidase are the most frequently used enzymes for analysis. These two enzymes are immobilised (entrapped in an inert insoluble matrix in the process of immobilisation) onto a cellulose fibre pad. These pads forms the basis of Clinistix and Diastix. Glucose analysis (biosensors) allows
The use of pectinase in fruit juice production
The use of pectinase in fruit juice production I predict that there will be no juice produced to the apple sauce that had no enzyme and juice will produce to the apple sauce that had pectinase. A control is carried out in order to compare the rate of reaction between with pectinase and without pectin's. Pectin --> sugars + galataronic acid Pectin is a substance which helps to hold pant cell walls together. As a fruit ripens the plant produces proteolytic enzymes, which convert the insoluble protpectin of the unripe fruit into more soluble forms, causing the fruit to soften. When fruits are mashed and pressed to form juices these more soluble forms of pectin enter the juice, making it cloudy and causing the colour and flavour to deteriorate. Enzymes are specific in the reactions they catalyse, much more so than inorganic Catalysts. Normally, a given enzyme will Catalyse only one reaction, or type of reaction. The enzyme has an active site that helps it to recognise its substrate in a very specific way. Just like a key only fits into a specific lock, each enzyme has its own specific lock; each enzyme has its own specific substrate. This is called the lock and key theory. The enzymes never actually get consumed in the process; they just increase the rate of reactions. When enzymes denature the heat starts to destroy their shape and structure. The shape of the enzyme is so
The use of Recombinant DNA Technology can only Benefit Humans
The use of Recombinant DNA Technology can only Benefit Humans. The term gene technology refers to the process and techniques by which genes may be extracted from the DNA of one organism and inserted into the DNA of another organism, the host organism. In this way, the gene set of the host can be transformed, genetically modified. The modified DNA is called recombinant DNA because it has been re-combined to make a different set of codes. Recombinant DNA procedures involve splicing one piece of DNA into another. The newly formed composite is often grown up in a large amounts (or cloned in bacteria. Recombinant DNA and genetic technology are defined as Biotechnology, which is the use of a living organism to make a product or run a process. Recombinant DNA technology was first used commercially to produce human insulin from bacteria. In 1982, genetically engineered insulin was approved for use by diabetics. To provide a reliable source of human insulin, researchers obtained from the human cells of DNA carrying the gene with information for making human insulin. Researchers made a copy of DNA carrying this insulin gene and moved it into a bacterium. When the bacterium was grown in the lab, the microbe split from one cell into two cells, and both cells got a copy of the insulin gene. Some human
The use of recombinant DNA technology can only benefit humans
The use of recombinant DNA technology can only benefit humans Recombinant DNA technology is the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism.(1) This is the process of using recombinant DNA technology to enable the rapid production of human protein from a single gene of insulin. Firstly the single gene required must be isolated. This can be done three ways: Either by working backwards from the protein- Finding the amino acid sequence for the protein needed, the order of bases can be established using known genetic code. New DNA can be made from this sequence of bases resulting in artificial gene made from complementary DNA. By using Messenger RNA- mRNA molecules carrying the code for insulin are common in the cytoplasm of insulin. Or using DNA probes to find the gene required-A probe is a short single strand of DNA carrying the known genetic code we are looking for. So the location of the DNA probe is known, it is labelled with a radioactive fluorescent marker. The aim is for the probe to attach to its complementary base sequence within DNA extracted from human cells. Secondly the gene has to be cut from its DNA chain. Controlling this process are many restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes). Each of these enzymes cut DNA at a different base sequence called a recognition
To investigate the effect of changing concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the enzyme catalase
To investigate the effect of changing concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the enzyme catalase 2 H2O2 + catalase 2H2O + O2 Background information H2O2 is a by-product of a chemical reaction inside the body metabolism. H2O2 has to be broken down into less toxic compounds or molecules. All enzymes are proteins. Temperature affects the rate an enzyme works, all enzymes work best at body temperature. Excess heat denatures enzymes rendering them useless. Catalase is an enzyme designed especially for H2O2. It works under a lock and key theory, where the catalase is the key and the H2O2 is the lock e.g. Rate Rate Substrate concentration enzyme concentration Reaches a plateau because all the Plenty of enzyme molecules to enzyme molecules are used up so deal with the substrate. substrate if you add more H2O2 the rate is is constant unchanged Preliminary work For my preliminary work we found three catalase sources and tested them to find the best one for our experiment. The three sources were yeast, apple and liver. We found that yeast was the fastest and that it released the most oxygen. We also found that the best amount
