The Cognitive Model.
The Cognitive Model The main idea of the cognitive model is that it's the individuals way of thinking that creates the disorder (abnormality), and that it's the distorted and irrational thinking that is the cause rather than maladaptive behaviour Warren and Zgourides (1991) describe that it was the 'must' thoughts of these individuals that create the disorder, for example 'I must perform well otherwise it will be awful'. Kovacs and Beck (1978) underlined some key ideas of the cognitive model, they said that 'from commonplace processes such as faulty learning, making incorrect inferences on the basis of inadequate or incorrect information, not distinguishing adequately between imagination and reality'. From this we are able to create a bond between behaviourists and cognitive approaches to define abnormality. It is assumed by the cognitive model that it is patients' experiences that cause the distorted and irrational thinking, for example patients' whom may of have diseases, such as bronchitis (serious respiratory disease), may create a panic disorder and greatly exaggerate their internal physiological state (e.g. fast heart rate)- Verburg et al., 1995. Following from this another assumption of the cognitive model is that distorted thinking is maintained within a patient because he/she is unable to put their biases of reality of reality to the test, in other words
Describe the impairments typically observed in children with autism and compare the different cognitive theories proposed to explain them?
Describe the impairments typically observed in children with autism and compare the different cognitive theories proposed to explain them? Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder characterised by a range of impairments which vary enormously. Autistic spectrum disorder is a commonly used term to reflect the complex combination of symptoms that often arise before the age of three and continue through life. However there are three core features of the autistic spectrum that are fundamental in the diagnosis of autism set out by the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association 1994). The first of the features implicated is a deficit in reciprocal social interaction; at first glance the child may just seem aloof and uninterested in the social world, they may find it difficult to make eye contact and struggle to form relationships with their peers, which can make the life of an autistic child very lonely. This unsociability can be misinterpreted by others as wilful behaviour when in fact they have a neurological lack of ability in this area. The second impairment is communication, children with autism often struggle with early speech; however this only touches on the deficit with communication a child may encounter. Communication involves recognising another's intention to communicate and offering an appropriate response. Children on the autistic spectrum may have difficulty
The Cognitive Perspective.
The Cognitive Perspective Cognitive psychology is the study of how people perform mental operations. The cognitive approach sees human beings as information processors that work in the same way as a computer. In humans, our brains are the hardware, receiving, interpreting and responding to information. Cognitive psychologists are only interested in studying mental activities and believe that the brain prefers organized information and the way we achieve this is by storing information about any one thing as a schema. This is a packet of organized information that is constantly updated according to new learning. Supporters of the cognitive perspective propose that once we know how the human brain works it will be possible to create a computer that behaves exactly the way a human would. This is called Artificial Intelligence; examples of this are computer games such as chess and card games. Cognitive psychology focuses on mental functions such as memory and perception. George Miller (1956, cited in Hill 2001) investigated the capacity of the short-term memory. He referred to what he found as 'The magical number seven, plus or minus two'. In his study Miller found that by packaging information into larger units or 'chunks' the amount of information retained could be increased although still only seven plus or minus two of these chunks were retained by the short term
Cognitive Anthropology and Structuralism
Cognitive Anthropology and Structuralism Jonathan Quaade Developed in the 20th century, cognitive anthropology is a concept concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledges changes the way people relate to the world around them. The concept can include subcategories called ethnoscience and symbolic anthropology. A french anthropologist also dealt with cognitive process, he established a theory that there are unobservable social structure that generate social phenomena. He named the concept structuralism. As the name suggest, cognitive anthropology has a strong emphasis on human cognition; however, the concept hasn't been universally agreed upon or conventionalized. An anthropologist and structural linguist, Edward Sapir, stated that "cultural behaviour is symbolic behavior shared by culture bearers, and cultures are abstractions of ideas and behavior patterns" with different meanings for each individual. He meant that anthropologist should describe the observable patterns of the society, and from the information gathered, she/he should derive meaning from the people studied, rather than use his own categories to create meaning of his/her data. It was an effort to get at organizing principles that lie underneath the behaviour within a society, and trying to understand the natives categories. In itself, trying to get the natives view
Unmasking Anxiety with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Unmasking Anxiety with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy It is not that uncommon that an individual may be late for work. They might begin to rush, and perhaps forget something at home that they needed. They may beat themselves up all day for having put themselves in that position. This scenario reflects typical anxiety. It is a normal reaction to stress by the body, but for some, it can become a chronic disorder. There are many treatments for this disorder, including prescriptions drugs, behavioral therapy, and even homeopathic remedies. Compared to these alternatives, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most effective long-term treatment for anxiety. There is a line between experiencing stress due to a difficult situation, and having a crippling disorder. Individuals with anxiety who wish to be treated must seek psychiatric assistance through self-help programs or doctors. Anxiety is a disorder that is often found hand in hand with depression, both of which can improve with treatment. Often times, many people do not recognize that there are different classes of anxiety disorders. Five major types of anxiety disorders include Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Panic Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD), and Social Phobia (SAD), which is also known as Social Anxiety Disorder (NIMH). These types of anxiety range from the
The Cognitive Perspective
THE COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE The cognitive perspective views the mind as if it were a complex information processor. Cognitive psychologists are only interested in the brain, believing that human beings are like a computer. Information is inputted to the brain through our senses. It is then stored as a 'schema' (an organised packet of information), processed and then outputted when necessary. From a cognitive approach, psychologists believe that the human mind contains various information processing mechanisms. These are used for functions like memory, perception, attention, language, thinking and consciousness. Cognitive psychologists use reliable and objective methods for their research through scientific laboratory experiments. Cognitive psychologists have become increasingly interested in the fact that once we know how the brain works computers could be built to work and process functions in the same way. This is known as Artificial Intelligence. One study cognitive psychologists have focused on is memory. A study by Brown (1958) and Peterson & Peterson (1959, cited in Haralambos & Rice et al 2002) suggests from experiments, that if not rehearsed, information held in short term memory disappears in about 20 seconds. Participants in one experiment were asked to learn 3 sets of consonants. They were also asked to count backwards in threes from a 3 digit number.
Anthropology Interview
Questions: . What is your history? What is your home of origin? Why did you/your family settle in _____? 2. What are some of your family customs and roles of members within your family? What is your role in your family? 3. How closely do you identify with and affiliate with your culture? 4. What religious or spiritual beliefs are influential in your culture and for your family? 5. What would be the characteristics and practices of people who are Muslim? 6. What are the similarities/differences between Christians and Muslims? 7. Who are the power structures in your family? Is age a factor in who has power? How are decisions made at the family and community level? 8. How can you communicate effectively in your culture? Consider the meaning of tone of voice, gestures, eye-contact, overall body language, terminology used to describe health, face-saving behaviors. 9. Identify and verify customs, beliefs, and practices that might be misinterpreted by established institutions within your community e.g. schools, law enforcement, social services, health care providers (this includes such beliefs around certain body parts such as the head, male and female circumcision, cutting or puncturing the skin, transfusions, autopsies) Katie McCormick Anthropology 104 Interview Assignment May 7, 2009 Viewing the World Outside of My Own Culture I interviewed Rasheed, a Muslim
How Does Day Care Impact Children's Cognitive Development?
How Does Day Care Impact Children's Cognitive Development? Cognitive development is most often tested through IQ tests. It is widely agreed that stimulation and a secure base for exploration is vital for good cognitive development. If the staff at the day care centre do not provide stimulation and instead reward quiet behaviour, and passivity, then the child is likely to fall behind in cognitive development. (Bryant et al al 1980) Brooks-Gunn's study supported this also, and said that if the mother went to work before the child was one, then cognitive development could be hindered. However, subsequent studies disagree. Anderson conducted a study in 1992 in Sweden and concluded that children with the highest cognitive development were those who entered day care before the age of 1. Those with the lowest cognitive development did not have any day care at all. However Sweden is renowned for low staff-child ratios in day care centres and is unlike most other places. This means the results cannot necessarily be applied elsewhere, but also stresses how important the quality of day care is. Some believe that there is no difference at all in children's cognitive development whether or not they have experienced day care. Harvey agreed with this after her recent study of 6000 children in 1999. She also said that more important than the fact that the child goes into day care
Reflective Account of Patient Interview.
IPE Year 1 - Communication Skills Assessment Reflective Account of Patient Interview For the purpose of conducting the patient interview, I visited my designated interview area, the Pharmacy unit at Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, with my allocated partner, Ms. Kerry Layne, on the 22nd, November, 2002. Purpose of the Interview The interview was to serve as an opportunity for me and my partner to practice and observe the basic communication processes that are involved in such interactions. Through subsequent reflection and feedback, we hoped to identify the communication techniques that we were able to use effectively already, and, in addition, those that we may wish to develop further or change altogether in order to better the interaction process. Note: Due to the setting of the exercise, we were mindful of the fact that, although the focus of the interview was not intended to refer to a medical context, it was probably inevitable that the subject of discussion during the interview would relate to one or more aspects of medicine. The Interview Ms. Layne and I established prior to the interview that a key component of establishing rapport was creating a favorable first impression, so I wore a collared shirt with a tie for the purpose of this exercise; however, I refrained from wearing a suit jacket because I was aware that a patient could be intimidated and made
UNIT 11 interview schedule
Interview schedule Throughout this interview I am going to be asking about many different things involving your job, Sector, Role, Daily duties, Shifts, and many other different things all relating to the job you do. I will then move on to ask about pay and pensions, any of the questions you feel are private you don't have to answer. . Which sector of employment does your job fall under? The statutory sector - is also known as the public sector which includes organisations set up by acts of parliament, controlled and funded by the government; these services are compulsory. Yes The independent sector - operated independently of national or local government organisations in which service provisions must comply with legislation and government guidelines services are known as private, profit making providers. Yes The voluntary sector - Services and jobs which come under here are private but they are not ran to make a profit from, known as non-profit organisations Yes 2. Explain in your own words what daily duties your job requires you to do (What do you do)?
