Summarise the aims and context of Bennett-Levy & Marteau (1984) Fear of animals: What is prepared?
Bennett-Levy & Marteau (1984) 'Fear of animals: What is prepared?' - MODEL ANSWER . Summarise the aims and context of Bennett-Levy & Marteau (1984) 'Fear of animals: What is prepared?' One key explanation for phobias is that it is a learnt behaviour through classical and operant conditioning. According to Walker (1984), although many experiments can explain species fears via classical conditioning that does not mean that there are no other alternative explanations of phobias. This core study focuses on the suggestion that a predisposition to acquire certain fears is inherited because it enhances an individual's survival and reproduction. This is an example of the evolutionary approach to understanding behaviour. Seligman (1971) believes that humans are biologically predisposed to fear certain animals such as snakes. He found that two to four small electric shocks were enough to induce a phobia to pictures of spiders or snakes; however a larger series of shocks were required to induce the same sort of phobic response to pictures of flowers. Marks (1969) also support this view as the distribution of animal phobias is non-random and there does not appear to be an equal distribution of traumatic experience with these animals. Mineka et al (1980), however, found that wild-reared monkeys showed considerable fear of real, model and toy snakes, whereas laboratory reared
You are asked to review and critically evaluate the current law applying to Scotland relating to the prosecution of drivers for causing death.
Assume that you have been asked by the Scottish Parliament's Justice Committee to write a report in between 1500 and 2000 words. You are asked to review and critically evaluate the current law applying to Scotland relating to the prosecution of drivers for causing death. In the course of your answer you should analyse the elements of each offence, particularly in relation to any mental element which might or might not be required. Identifying differences between offences and discussing the circumstances in which each offence would be relevant, making reference where applicable to the relevance of the Highway Code. You should provide a critical evaluation of the law and its potential application. Presently in Scotland, the road traffic is primarily based on two statutes: the Road Traffic Act 19881 (RTA) as amended by the Road Traffic Act (1991)2 and the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988 (RTO), and common law. There has been much debate over the current law applying to Scotland relating to the prosecution of drivers for causing death. This report aims to outline the current law, relating to the prosecution of drivers for causing death, the elements and circumstances of each offence, and to evaluate the applicability of the law to each offence. The areas of Scottish law, which this report will evaluate, are s.1 of RTA3 - death by dangerous driving; s.3A of RTA4 - Causing
Describe the application of behaviourist perspectives in health and social care.
Unit 8: Assignment 8.1a P1: Describe the application of behaviourist perspectives in health and social care. Introduction Behaviourist approaches are easy to understand. Behaviourists are only interested in our behaviour - in what we actually do. They are not interested in anything that might be going on inside our heads. Behaviourists apply scientific principles to studying behaviour. They don't think it is important to ask and analyse what people might be thinking or feeling. All that matter is what we see them doing. Behaviourist approaches are really theories about learning and are easy to apply to health and social care. If we understand how people learn, we can help them to learn new skills. We can also help them to unlearn old habits that are unhelpful to them. The Classical Conditioning Theory A Russian physiologist called Ivan Pavlov developed this theory. He was working with dogs to investigate their digestive system. Ivan Pavlov (1849 - 1936) studied salivating dogs and conducted a series of experiments that demonstrated conditioning. The experiments showed how the stimulus of the bell was a conditioned stimulus when the dog associated with the arrival of food (an unconditioned stimulus) as it rang the bell the dog salivated so they were ready to eat (the unconditioned response). Over a period, whenever the dogs heard any bell ring (a conditioned stimulus);
Fear and emotion
Fear Fear is defined as an emotion that is bought on by a threat to an individual's well-being. This is often expressed as anxiety and elicits a reaction in which an individual will choose to 'fight or flight'. A phobia is an intense fear of something specific e.g. an animal or a situation. The reaction towards a phobic stimulus is often irrational and is very often followed by an intense anxiety response. Many psychologists have researched these aspects of human emotions and in this investigation the researcher's aim is to find out how fear correlates to the negative description of an animal. Species may be biologically predisposed to learn new behaviours, especially if the new behaviour is adaptive to the individual. This adaptation idea was proposed by Seligman (1970). This biological predisposition affects an individual's ability to learn certain behaviours. Seligman also stated that behaviours that are not adaptive are harder to learn. These are 'contra-prepared' behaviours, they require a lot of training and are acquired with great difficulty if learned at all. This idea suggests that the reason an individual acquires a phobia or fear is because the object or situation feared poses a threat to that individual. Many psychologists have researched biological explanations of phobic behaviours. Kendler et al (1992) stated that whilst most specific phobias (fear of
A comparison between 'Bazaar and Rummage' and 'The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui'
A comparison between 'Bazaar and Rummage' and 'The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui' We are currently working on the play 'Bazaar and Rummage' by Sue Townsend. It is set in a church hall, in the early 1980s, and is about a group of agoraphobic women who are persuaded to venture from their homes to run a jumble sale. It can be described 'A bittersweet drama of agoraphobics trying to overcome their fear of the great outdoors, it is their smooth transition from comedy to pathos.' The cast consists of six women, ranging from 18 to 65. The production 'The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui' is a menacing parable, written by Bertolt Brecht in 1941 at the height of Nazi supremacy in Europe, captures the build-up to horrors that were to be unleashed by the Third Reich in the later years of the Second World War. From Hitler's beginnings as a political upstart, his appointment as German chancellor, the destruction of the Reichstag, the murder of Austria's chancellor and the conquest of central Europe, Arturo Ui recreates an atmosphere that is as deeply unsettling as it is darkly comic. It was played by only three actors, this was because Brecht was more interested in actors demonstrating the role as opposed to being the role. The actors playing several roles, also meant that the audience were more distanced from any emotional connection with the piece of theatre, but in our play the audience
Describe and Evaluate two or more explanations of the pro-social effects of the media (24)
Describe and Evaluate two or more explanations of the pro-social effects of the media (24) One explanation of the pro-social effects of the media on behaviour comes from Bandura's Social Learning Theory. Bandura's research suggests that children learn through observing a behaviour, then later imitating it if the expectation of reward is high. For example the child needs to pay attention to a role model for example seeing a super hero, then there needs to be retention of the information into the LTM, reproduction, so the child imitates the same type of behaviour such as helping others, and finally the child needs to be motivated to imitate the behaviour such as, being the same gender. The process of social learning works in the same way for learning pro-social acts as seen on television as it does for learning anti-social acts (vicarious reinforcement). Unlike the depiction of anti-social acts, however, the depiction of pro-social acts (such as generosity or helping) is likely to be in accord with established social norms (e.g., the need to be helpful and generous to others). Assuming that these social norms have been internalised by the viewer, the imitation of these acts, therefore, is likely to be associated with the expectation of social reinforcement, and so the child is motivated to repeat these actions in their own life. Furthermore, Bandura would also suggest
Speaking and Listening What is phobia
Good afternoon class, do you fear of something? I believe that everybody has to fear of something, right? If that fears are more than normal and cause problems into your life, we call that "Phobia". What is phobia? According to Psychology book, phobia is an anxiety disorder in which the individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation. There are three major types of phobia which are specific phobia, social phobia and agoraphobia. Now let's go to the first type of phobia which is specific phobia or simple phobia. According to Essentials of Psychology book, specific phobia is the most specific and least disruptive of the phobias. As its name implies, specific phobia is defined as a fear of specific animals such as dogs, cats, spiders or snakes, or fear of specific people such as dentists or doctors, or fear of specific environment such as dark places, thunderstorms, or high places and fear of specific situations like flying in a plane, riding on a train. The list of specific phobia is practically endless. What are the symptoms of the specific phobia? According to Evolutionary Psychology book, when people with specific phobia have to face their fears, they can become freezing or have aggressive defense. These people will try to avoid or escape from their fears. For example, in extreme case, people who fear of water will try to avoid
Outline the clinical characteristics of one anxiety disorder
Outline the clinical characteristics of one anxiety disorder (10 Marks) Anxiety is an adaptive response, an individual with an anxiety disorder experiences anxiety that is disproportionate to threats that are presented. Phobias are the most common form of anxiety disorders. Phobias are an extreme irrational fear of certain situations, objects, people or activities; the level of fear is so great the object or situation is avoided whenever possible. Phobias are classified into three categories, specific phobia, social phobia and agoraphobia. Agoraphobia and social phobia usually interfere with the individuals' daily life, whereas specific phobia generally has less impact. Specific phobias are a fear of specific objects such as animals, the environment, a situation or blood and guts. The prevalence is 4-7% of the population. Specific phobias can be caused from direct experience, observation or from being told to fear the object. The clinical characteristic for this is for the individual with the phobia to avoid the feared object. The anxiety from the situation often results in restlessness, jumpy behaviour; in general the individual finds it difficult to relax and may experience a startled response when presented with the feared stimuli. Social phobias are due to the individual's self-consciousness of their behaviour and a fear of being negatively judged by others in social
Explain two specific behaviors using psychological perspectives
P4 - Explain two specific behaviors using psychological perspectives P5 - Use examples to explain the contribution of psychological perspectives to the management and treatment of two specific behaviors M3 - Analyze the role of psychological perspectives in understanding the two specific behaviors Introduction In this assignment I will be explaining two specific behaviors using psychological perspectives. In this part I will be talking about phobias and fears, and OCD. Every behavior of an individual has an explanation with psychological perspectives which makes us understand the behavior in more depth and why the individual is behaving accordingly. There are quite a few psychological perspectives that I have learnt about throughout my lessons. These are behaviorist, social learning theory, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, developmental and biological. All of these perspectives explain a certain behavior in a unique way to others, however some can be explained together and others on their own. Phobia and fears This is my first specific behavior which I will explain by giving three psychological perspectives. Phobia is an excessive fear or unreasonable irrational fear. However a fear is an unpleasant reaction when face-to-face with real danger. It could be towards someone, object, place, situation etc. there are many types of phobias which are towards all sorts
Consider the conduct of the judges in these instances. What grounds would justify, and what mechanisms would be available for, their dismissal in each case, if it were appropriate?
B. Consider the conduct of the judges in these instances. What grounds would justify, and what mechanisms would be available for, their dismissal in each case, if it were appropriate? When assessing the grounds and procedure for the dismissal of members of the judiciary it is important to establish exactly who the judiciary is. Schedule 5 of the Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993 lists the judiciary of the UK including the Lord Justice Clerk, judges of the Court of Session, sheriff principals and sheriffs. By examining the three situations outlined in the question it is intended to display the grounds and procedures that are required for the dismissal of the different levels of the Scottish judiciary. The first situation involves a sheriff and it is this case that I now turn to. The grounds for possible dismissal must be established in the first situation concerning a sheriff. The issue which raises concern initially, is that Ranter has publicly expressed views on a topic, which he has at a later date adjudicated on. The second issue giving cause for concern is his agreement to join a Liberal Democrat working party. Before examining the common law it is important to assess how the statute law impacts on these situations. The basic principle of judicial tenure stems from Article 13 of the Claim of Right 1689; that is "ad vitam aut culpam" (for life or until blame).
