Describe and discuss an example of the provision of care in relation to a client you have been working directly with during your placement experience. Demonstrate in the light of the evidence how well the care, met the clients expressed and assessed needs
Describe and discuss an example of the provision of care in relation to a client you have been working directly with during your placement experience. Demonstrate in the light of the evidence how well the care, met the clients expressed and assessed needs The focus of this assignment is for me to demonstrate my knowledge about social anxiety disorder (SAD), also known as social phobia and the psychotherapeutic interventions employed in the of care of a patient during my clinical placement. My aim is to explain what social phobia is, analyse and evaluate the care my patient has/is receiving and how far it meets his needs. In essence this assignment looks at the nursing process in the care, in community, of a patient suffering from social phobia. Confidentiality has been maintained at all times in deference to the nursing and midwifery council (NMC, 2002), by giving the patient a fictitious name, Bob. Bob was on my caseload during my placement at a local care in the community resource centre, for psychiatric clients. Definition of Social phobia The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (American psychiatric association, 2000), defines social phobia as clinically significant anxiety provoked by exposure to certain social performance situations, often leading to avoidance behaviour. The central feature of this disorder is an underlying fear of being
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Critically examine the philosophy and application for one chosen counselling or psychotherapy theory.
Hannah Bannister Word Count Excluding Bibliography- 2,429 Counselling theories Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Critically examine the philosophy and application for one chosen counselling or psychotherapy theory. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) focuses on the way people think and act, to help them with their emotional behavioural problems (Branch, R and Willson, R 2010: 9-11). Cognitive therapy was developed by American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck in the 1960’s. His theory aims to treat various patients by changing their perceptions and views. For example if a patient was afraid of car parks due to a traumatic event, and the patient now associates car parks with such trauma. Then cognitive behaviour therapy in this case aims to help the patient stop associating the car park with the trauma but rather of a pleasant event instead (Dickstein, LJ et al 1997: 171). There has been ample research into such taught behaviours especially by B.F Skinner and Ivan Pavlov both of whom researched into conditioning behaviour (Rott, P 2005: 4-5). Cognitive behavioural therapy is an evidence based psychological approach, practised by a range of professionals, for the treatment of mental health and other personal and family problems (Sheldon, B 2011: 3). The term cognitive behavioural reflects the importance of both
"As Good As It Gets".
"As Good As It Gets" Melvin Udall is the most dysfunctional of men, an acid tongued romance novelist who suffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Never one to avoid confrontations, he takes pride in his ability to affront, repulse, offend and wound - as he has been. His targets are random; his aim reckless. Leave an elevator in which he stands; cross a street on which he walks. He is to be avoided at all costs, but some victims just cannot escape. Carol Connelly is the only waitress at the local café that is willing to stand up to the sarcastic tirades of Melvin. Simon Nye has the distinct misfortune of living across the hall from Melvin in their West Village apartment building in downtown Manhattan. These three New Yorkers - non of whom appears to have a chance in Hell of finding real happiness - discover their fates intertwined because of the fourth complicated character in the piece, an ugly, tiny dog named Verdell." This is the description you can find on almost any website dedicated to the film "As Good As It Gets", and it is a good description of what you see when you view the movie. However, we shall take a closer look at one particular aspect - obsessive-compulsive disorder. Insistent, unwanted thoughts, urges and behaviors are typical of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). OCD can take so many different forms. Let's try to make sense of it. Obsessions are
Discuss issues with biological therapies
Discuss issues with biological therapies Biological therapies arise from the medical model of abnormal behaviour: mental disorder is an illness which results mainly from a chemical imbalance. Biological treatments are designed to redress this imbalance, through the administration of chemical drugs known as chemotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and, in rare cases, psychosurgery. As well as mental disorders, the biological approach also gives an explanation and treatment for stress and the role of stress management. This approach also shows the link between stress and the immune system. Anorexia and bulimia nervosa are also explained by the medical model. Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to treat mental disorders. For example anti-anxiety drugs consist of a class of drugs called benzodiazepines and minor tranquilliser designed to reduce levels of anxiety. These include Librium and Valium which were introduced in 1950s, and soon became the most prescribed drug in the world. However, the side-effects include drowsiness, dependence, withdrawal and toxicity However, benzodiazepines have been found to be effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety and panic. Gelernter and found them to be more effective than a placebo for social phobia and Lecrubier found that 60% of patients with panic disorder remained free of panic while on medication. Antidepressant drugs are
Psychopathology, Theories and Treatment Revision notes (Psychology AS)
Transfer-Encoding: chunked Psychopathology Study of abnormal thoughts, behaviours and feelings. Definitions for abnormality Deviation from social normal * a person's thinking or behavior is classified as abnormal if it violates what is expected or acceptable behavior in a particular social group * Social behavior varies markedly when different cultures are compared * it is common in Southern Europe to stand much closer to strangers than in the UK * Social norms change over time. Behavior that was once seen as abnormal may, given time, become acceptable and vice versa. E.g. Homosexuality was seen wrong but now is acceptable Failure to function adequately * a person is considered abnormal if they are unable to cope with the demands of everyday life * They may be unable to perform the behaviors necessary for day-to-day living e.g. self-care, hold down a job, interact meaningfully with others, make themselves understood etc. * Rosenhan & Seligman suggest the following characteristics that define failure to function adequately: * Suffering * Maladaptiveness (danger to self) * Vividness & unconventionality (stands out * Unpredictably & loss of control * Causes observer discomfort * Violates moral/social standards * abnormal behavior may actually be helpful, function and adaptive for the individual * For example, a person who has the
Psychological Disorders: Anorexia nervosa.
Anorexia Nervosa Presented to Peter Gantous Abnormal Psychology Duyen Hau Nguyen 0230696 Vanier College 30 April 2004 Psychological Disorders: Anorexia nervosa Whether in terms of health or beauty, the body is an important preoccupation for man. Today, with the pursuit for the ideal body, thinness has become a real fixation for the current society, especially for girls. This obsessive concern can become a serious eating disorder such as anorexia. Because it has been largely publicized, anorexia is well known from the population. But what exactly do we know of this eating disorder often serious, and sometimes deadly? Anorexia has been with us for many centuries. In the medieval times, those with the disorders were considered "possessed by demons" or even "blessed by god". From the 16th to the 18th century, supernatural causes remained the only explanation. In 1964, the first true mention of this disorder on the medicinal level was attributed to Richard Morton, an English physician who described it as a "nervous consumption" and treated is like a case of advanced tuberculosis. It was only in 1874 that the symptoms of anorexia were defined and isolated by William Withey Gull, a doctor from London and medical adviser of Queen Victoria. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight,
Why are psychological treatments for phobias often so effective?
Why are psychological treatments for phobic anxiety often so effective? With over 275 types of specific phobia, between 8-12% of us clinically diagnosable and some level of phobic anxiety affecting more than 60% of us at some point in our lives (Goodwin, 1983; Ollendick & King, 1994; Robins & Regier, 1991), effective treatments, unsurprisingly, are highly sought after. Varying interventions claim extraordinary success rates, from one-hour behavioural cures to prolonged drug therapy. This essay focuses on psychological treatments for phobic anxiety, and examines possible reasons for their apparent success. Investigating the differences between psychological and pharmalogical treatments, and distinguishing phobias from other mental disorders can provide useful insights into the effectiveness of psychological treatments. Fear is an everyday response. From walking home alone at night to public speaking, almost all of us experience it. Phobic anxiety, however, differs from fear in that it is irrational and disproportional to the level of actual danger in terms of "duration, degree of avoidance or subjective distress" (Davey, 1997). The DSM-IV criteria state that fear must be excessive or unreasonable, provoked by an object or situation; exposure to this object/situation immediately produces anxiety, and avoidance of this fear interferes with the sufferer's life. It defines five
Obsessive compulsive disorder (also known as OCD) is characterised by high anxiety. During this disorder individuals often have both obsessions and compulsions; resulting to a significant interference with everyday life
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder We all have mild obsessions; they may be anything from superstitions, for example not walking under ladders, to something as simple as bedtime stories or religious practices. The difference between these mild obsessions and to someone with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is very simple: the huge intensity of the thoughts, the difficulty stopping them and the compulsions that sit along side them. Obsessive compulsive disorder (also known as OCD) is characterised by high anxiety. During this disorder individuals often have both obsessions and compulsions; resulting to a significant interference with everyday life. Both males and females are affected by OCD, which according to the NHS 'affects approximately 2% of the population'. Though symptoms for OCD regularly begin during the early adulthood, it is not uncommon for young children to develop the condition. The exact cause of OCSD is unknown, doctors believe there are many factors that contribute to this disorder. Symptoms are very varied with OCD. The most common symptoms include; excessive cleaning, a constant checking of things and a feeling of having to do this a certain amount of times. Signs and Symptoms Obsessions The foundation for OCD explains obsessions to be 'thoughts images or impulses that occur over and over again and feel out of our control'. Obsessions are usually
Discuss Biological Therapies for Depression.
DISCUSS BIOLOGICAL THERAPIES FOR DEPRESSION (24 MARKS) There are two biological therapies that could be used for depression. One biological therapy for depression is antidepressants. Antidepressants are drugs that relieve the symptoms of depression. They are used to treat moderate to severe depression. According to the biological theory, neurotransmitters cause depression. For example, if a person has low levels of serotonin and/or noradrenaline in their brain, this will cause them to become depressed as there would be an imbalance of the neurotransmitters in their brain. Antidepressants work by increasing the levels of these neurotransmitters so, according to the biological perspective, antidepressants should get rid of or suppress depressive symptoms. Tricyclics are one type of antidepressants. These work by raising the level of serotonin and noradrenaline in the brain. They have been shown to be effective and have fewer side effects than MAOIs and other kinds of antidepressants. MAOIs are another type of antidepressants. These work in a rather similar to tricyclics, that is, increasing the level of serotonin and noradrenaline, however, they are usually prescribed if the tricyclics do not work. This is because patients will need to change or restrict their diets as certain foods may react badly to the drug. SSRIs are another type of antidepressants. An example of a
Critically evaluate how psychological theories, concepts and evaluations have been employed forensic area of applied psychology covered in the module
Critically evaluate how psychological theories, concepts and evaluations have been employed forensic area of applied psychology covered in the module Forensic psychology can be defined as a "branch of applied psychology which is concerned with the collection, examination and presentation of evidence for judicial purposes" (Gudjonsson and Haward, 1998). However this is a limited definition as it refers only to the application in law courts when in reality its scope is much wider, involving teaching, researching, prisons and the probation services. It is a recent development (the last 25 years) that advances past retribution and embraces a utilitarian and humanitarian dichotomy. A majority of forensic work is based in prisons and at the core is the risk assessment of offenders that aims to predict the future behaviour of that individual. These predictions dictate the appropriate treatments for the offender. This essay will explore the strengths and weaknesses of the theories relating to the treatments in prison, focusing on the most widely used cognitive behavioural therapy. It will then lead on to critically examine the tools involved within this treatment practice before assessing the research that proves this type of intervention to be successful. Historically, Governments have taken varying views on the most effective way to tackle crime. They have been 'soft on crime' and
