Discuss the role of chance in evolution
Elena Coates Discuss the role of chance in evolution For decades the role of chance in evolution has been heavily debated within the scientific community. Creationists have long thought that this very topic is the theories downfall; that life on Earth, with all its beauty, precision and complexity cannot be formed by what appears to be a random process. However, to think that evolution is nothing more than blind chance and randomness is an elementary mistake. Although evolution relies upon mutation which is an entirely random process, natural selection which acts upon these mutations is not random. It does not select alleles by chance but is instead governed by the characteristics of the environment, selecting traits that have an advantageous effect and lead to an increase in fitness of the individual. This process therefore preserves the good variations and eliminates the bad ones. Random genetic drift is a potent factor in evolutionary change within a population. This is a mechanism that results in fixation (or loss) of alleles by purely random processes, as allele frequency fluctuates between generations due to sampling effects. The smaller the population, then the higher the chance that major changes in gene frequency can occur. If an individual possesses a new beneficial mutation, this mutation can still be lost when it occurs at such a low frequency. A chance event
The Evolution of Security Studies
Security Studies has had a convoluted evolution. During that evolution two significant schools of thought have emerged, traditional security Studies (TSS1) and critical security studies (CSS2), each of which have significant differences in perspective. The first divergence is their opposing views on the drivers of conflict, TSS focusing on its concept of predetermined anarchy, CSS investigating a world that has constructed qualities that are born out of the actions of actors that exist within society. The schools focus on different referent objects, the state as central actor versus the individual, community and even ideas. These perspectives there are marked by divergences in methodology and approach. These differences in perspective are not to be seen as deficits in either schools, rather they highlight the complex terrain that both TSS and CSS mark out, and through an understanding of each, students and scholars may be better equipped to study security in a broader context. These two schools will be defined by what separates them, in order to corral them into some semblance of commonality for the purposes of discussing what differences in perspective each school has to the other. If a traditional or post traditional/critical school of thought adheres to certain criteria, then despite other variances between then, they can be said to belong to one of two sets of theories,
Evolution - RS
A Christian cannot believe the creation story and theory of evolution. Do You Agree? Somebody may believe to be a Christian and an evolutionist, but this position is biblically and scientifically flawed. Jesus taught a literal view of Genesis, all the way through the Gospels He justified His doings by making reference to a literal Old Testament. Unbelievers get stumped on a simple question: "who came first 'the chicken or the egg'?" because of their evolutionary beliefs they just do not know, but for believers it is simple and can answer: "the chicken", for God created Adam and Eve and all the animals as fully-grown up. They just did not evolve over million of years. Eve was extracted from Adam and God presented her to Adam as his wife. This fact alone denies the concept of Evolution in Biblical terms. But evolutionists, very easily, deny the truthfulness of the first 3 chapters of Genesis because if the first 3 chapters of Genesis are denied, then the whole concept of Christianity falls because its foundation is in these 3 chapters. This is exactly what evolutionists want, for Evolution was invented to effectively do away with a Supreme God that has dominion over our lives imposing on us the concept of sin, as an offence against Him, for which we will have to give an account of our lives, and receive our just due. In the first 3 chapters of Genesis Good spells out what
Science and Evolution
Science and Evolution Science tells us everything about the idea of evolution and without science there is no concept of evolution. Science is able to tell us everything the idea of evolution because science created it. Before science there was no other belief of where humans and the earth came from other then in religion and god. Since Darwin discovered evolution science has taken over popular belief. Science makes more sense theoretically and can help us educate ourselves in the future. Before scientist ever started to even think about studying where humans came from or how everything all began people were very content with their religious belief. There are varying stories and beliefs amongst people but the most commonly held belief is the Christian view point and the story of genesis. The religious idea of human creation is very different than that of idea of evolution. In religion and in the bible evolution comes from God. The common Christian belief is that God created the earth in 7 days: a. First day: Light & darkness separated b. Second day: Firmament, with waters divided under & above c. Third day: Dry land & growing things (plants) d. Fourth day: Sun, moon, & stars e. Fifth day: Birds & fish f. Sixth day: Animals & people g. Seventh day: God Rested Science did not prove or come up with any of ideas behind Genesis and the creation of the world; or
The evolution of man
THE EVOLUTION OF MAN. Introduction Until recent times, it was commonly accepted that man had always been as we are now, we were created by God, in his image. The works and theories of Charles Darwin changed this, his book, The origin of species, sold out on the day it was published in 1859 and quickly had him labelled as the most dangerous man in England by those in the religious community. Darwin's Theory of Evolution is the widely held notion that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor: the birds and the bananas, the fishes and the flowers -- all related. Darwin's general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic (undirected) "descent with modification". That is, complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors naturally over time. In a nutshell, as random genetic mutations occur within an organism's genetic code, the beneficial mutations are preserved because they aid survival -- a process known as "natural selection." These beneficial mutations are passed on to the next generation. Over time, beneficial mutations accumulate and the result is an entirely different organism (not just a variation of the original, but an entirely different creature). (Darwins theory of evolution.com) Modern man has evolved slowly over the course of millions of years, with many factors playing a part. Jenine
The Theory of Creation Vs. Evolution.
The Theory of Creation Vs. Evolution Introduction Cosmology is the study of the creation of the whole universe, which goes beyond mathematical theories and answers to explain how it was created and where it came from. It is a question that has puzzled scientists for years and whilst looking for these answers other questions arise about the value and meaning of human life. There are many theories about how the earth was created, some ancient, medieval and some modern, like the Big Bang Theory. It is a way that some people have taken to believe, which describes the creation of the universe. Also using this theory it was estimated that the earth was created about 15 billion years ago. This argument was started by Plato and has been fought between many great philosophers through history. The Christian Cosmology The Cosmology of the Christian belief can be found in Genesis 1 and 2 from the Bible (or otherwise known as the creation story). They believe that God created the Earth in 6 days. Some people would say that it was 7 days, but the 7th day is a day of rest. According to the bible: - On the first day God created the Heavens and the Earth. He separated the light from the darkness and called the light 'day' and the 'darkness' night. God then created an expanse, which separated the water from the sky. On the second day God created dry land and caused the water to gather
Human Evolution
HUMAN EVOLUTION Human beings are unusual in being the only living species representing an entire biological family, the hominidae or hominids. The human species is exceptionally widespread, having colonised most land masses of the world (Harrison & Weiner 1982). Although closely related to the great apes such as the gorilla and chimpanzee, humans are distinct from them all and all other mammals in many important features. These include bipedal locomotion (walking on two legs) and the large size of the brain in relation to the body (BBC 2002). Humans are marked out even more by behaviour, in particular the great dependence on learning passed on from generation to generation, mainly through speech or signing (Birkett 1992). To investigate the origins and evolution of humans we need to study our early ape ancestors. It is generally believed that we separated for the apes around 6-8 million years ago. There is very little fossil evidence of the apes from the last 8 million years, but two lies of evidence strongly indicate that homininds diverged early on during the period (Birkett 1982). The first is provided by the fossil remains of early hominids from the period 3-4.5 million years ago that have been recovered in East Africa in the mid 1970's. The other biochemical evidence, demonstrates a very close genetic relationship between human beings and the living African
Ecology and Evolution
IB Biology SL II Ryan Martucci Topic: 4 - Ecology and Evolution Date: 5-24-02 Period: 4th Sub-topic: 4.3 - Evolution 4.3.1 1 Define evolution. Evolution refers to the processes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest forms to the vast diversity that characterizes it today. 4.3.2 1 State that populations tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support. Populations tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support. 4.3.3 3 Explain that the consequences of the potential overproducing of offspring is a struggle for survival. Natural selection is the unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce. But, natural selection occurs through the interaction of the individuals with the environment and favorable variations of individuals. So individuals that have favorable characteristics will stay alive and cause natural selection to take place and reproduce offspring. If there is an overproduction of offspring the species with the characteristics needed to survive and live to the next generation and reproduce. This trend will lead to the extinction of the individuals with the unfavorable characteristics, who could not survive, and the growth of the population with the Topic: 4 - Ecology and Evolution Sub-topic: 4.3 - Evolution Page: 2 favorable characteristics and these
E-business Evolution
e-Business Evolution BIS/375 e-Business Evolution With businesses looking for new avenues of revenue, many have turned to e-business and e-commerce to help sustain business operations. Many businesses are using e-business and e-commerce as the new way to build business-to-business relationships and reach new customer markets. This paper will discuss the evolution of e-business and compare and contrast the differences and limitations between e-business and e-commerce as they relate to supply chain management. Evolution of e-Business The evolution of e-business evolved out of the creation of the Internet. According to Papazoglou and Ribbers (2006) harnessing the Internet and the technologies surrounding it has the potential to impact several business drivers such as attracting new customer; retaining customers; streamlining distribution channels, logistics operations, and key business processes. The Internet acts as the gateway for organizations to bring there business's services and goods online, forming the e-business environments. From this gateway business such as IBM where able to launch a thematic campaign built around the term "e-Business" in 1997. (Papazoglou and Ribbers, 2006) E-Business is business to business interactions and collaborations activities that enable businesses to share business intelligence that leads to cohesive management and optimization of
Evolution of Man?
Robyn Good Good 1 Professor Hilderbrand Introduction to Poetry May 12, 2003 Assignment 2: appreciation Evolution of Man? In the poem "From Stone to Steel" Pratt begins with a cynical ironic stance and then at the last two lines of the poem ends with compassion and hope. Throughout the poem Pratt appears to be mocking man's brutality and questions whether man has really changed at all over the years. E.J Pratt was living in a time of change. He was amid the 1st world war and the second industrial revolution. This poem is during World War 1 and is about man and his evolution. The persona is a person who is older because s/he has experienced the world because s/he is knowledgeable. The persona is the voice that emits moral judgments by evolution and historical comparisons. Human history is intertwined into two things: the brutal immoral Neanderthal and the evolved humans who put on a façade of not being brutal and immoral. The entire first stanza makes the reader feel time lapse. The first line starts with a reference to evolution. When man was caveman he used to use stone, then he evolved to bronze and lastly moved on to steel. The persona is talking about Ancient to Modern times. This first line is a reference to historical development. The next two lines make Good 2 the reader feel the time duration. "Two revolutions of the wheel, from Java to
