Stock Market Crash
Stock Market Crash A stock market crash is a sudden decline of stock prices in stock markets. It usually happens due to panic among stockholders and various economic factors. These crashes usually occur after a long period of rising stock prices (due to going speculations), when P/E ratios are far above their averages. According to Benjamin Graham, the father of securities analysis, there are three main forces behind the market crash: the manipulation of stocks, the lending of money to buy stocks and excessive optimism. The most famous market crash, the Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday, happened on October, 29 1929. It is regarded as a start of the Great Depression. All of the three forces mentioned above contributed to this crash. American economy was blooming in the 1920s. NYSE was the largest stock market in the world. From 1920 till 1929 many stocks quadrupled in value. Thus, many people invested their money in stocks, expecting to gain profit. It led to speculative boom that took place in late twenties: the rising share prices were encouraging people to invest even more. Many of the investors had to borrow money to buy stocks but they only had to have 10% equity and 90% margin to buy securities. Speculations on stocks stimulated further price rises and created an economic bubble. The P/E ratios in 1929 were far
Understanding and using research
Unit 10 Understanding and using research Introduction For this assignment I will research in different fields of health and social care to come up with my hypothesis. I will base my research on factors affecting individual's health. I will then find out which health condition seems to be most popular in affecting individual's health. After doing some primary and secondary research on the different factors, I will then look more into depth in the condition that seems to be affecting pupils in large amounts. So I will base my hypothesis on the condition which is most popular in the world today. Research is mainly used in health and social care fields to investigate new aspects of care related situations by carrying out surveys and collecting qualitative data of some kind. It is also used to test and review existing knowledge from different sources such as internet books and is also used to test and review treatments and practices. It helps to explain the relationship between factors affecting health and well-being and helps to evaluate service interventions and policies and helps to make new policies and plans. There are different types of research methods in health and social care fields. Research methods are used to achieve the aim they have been carried out to achieve such as a hypothesis. They are then carried out to test their hypothesis to see if it's proved to be
Explain the main features of the behaviour of firms which operate in an oligopolistic market (10)
Explain the main features of the behaviour of firms which operate in an oligopolistic market (10) An oligopolistic market is one which has several main firms that dominate the market and the labour supply is concentrated around them. All firms are interdependent and the actions of one firm will directly affect another, all products are differentiated but there are close substitutes to them. Within the market there are high barriers to entry and exit and collusion may occur. A firms behaviour in an oligoplistic market is much dependant on that of the other firms. As there is no competition on price they must compete on other aspects of the marketing mix such as place and promotions, this means that firms will have to invest into Research and Development in order to improve their product and make it seem more attractive to consumers. In an oligoplistic market there are no diseconomies of scale due to the L shaped average cost curve as firms cannot compensate for them because of the kinked demand curve. Firms have to behave in this way as there is no room for price reductions as soon as one firm puts its prices down the other firms will lower their prices and this can lead to a price war. The kinked demand curve model assumes that a business might face a dual demand curve for its product based on the likely reactions of other firms in the market to a change in its price or
The Theme of Ethics in Psychological Research making reference to Social Psychology and Developmental Psychology research
Table of Contents The Theme of Ethics in Psychological Research making reference to Social Psychology and Developmental Psychology research 2-4 References 5 The Theme of Ethics in Psychological Research making reference to Social Psychology and Developmental Psychology research The aim of psychology is to provide us with a greater understanding of ourselves and the way we think. To achieve this understanding psychologists often have no other choice than to investigate human subjects for results and evidence. Humans however can experience physical pain and anxiety but can also be affected mentally through embarrassment or loss of self esteem. The existence of ethical constraints is a serious but necessary limitation on the advancement of Psychology as a science and now many countries have ethical guidelines for conducting research. Since 1985 the British Psychology Society has regularly published and updated a code of conduct as a guideline for all chartered Psychologists to follow. These guidelines are broken down into these considerations which psychologists should follow when carrying out a study: * Consent - Have the subjects made an informed decision about taking part in the research? Have the parents of the child subjects given informed consent to research procedures? * Deception - Have the subjects been deceived? Where there any other possible ways to carry out
Explain how the equilibrium level of output is determined in perfect competition. Both for the whole market and one firm within the market
Explain how the equilibrium level of output is determined in perfect competition. Both for the whole market and one firm within the market: The equilibrium is the point where economic forces are balanced and there are no external influences. The equilibrium is the condition where a market price is established through competition such that the amount of goods or services sought by buyers is equal to the amount of goods or services produced by sellers. Perfect competition describes a market in which no buyer or seller has market power. Such markets are usually allocatively and productively efficient. In general a perfectly competitive market is characterized by the fact that no single firm has influence on the price of the product it sells. A perfectly competitive market has many distinguishing factors. A market in perfect competition has many people who are willing and able to buy a product as well as a many buyers who are willing and able to produce the products. The products the firms supply are exactly the same. Another distinguishing characteristic in a perfectly competitive market is that there are low entry and exit barriers to the market, and it is relatively easy for a firm to enter or exit the market. There is also perfect information for the consumers and producers. Most importantly, in a perfectly competitive market, the firms aim to maximize profits, firms aim
Controlled Assessment - Fertlilisers Research
Fertilisers Fertilisers are made from ammonia and are used in modern farming as they increase crop yield. The three main fertilisers made from ammonia include, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and urea. How are they manufactured? Fertilisers are made by the reaction of an acid and an alkali. The preparation of a fertiliser in a lab involves the following equipment: a measuring cylinder to measure the volume of a particular acid, a burette to add an alkali to the acid to try and make the solution neutral and a filter funnel to remove the solid crystals of fertiliser from the solution. The pH (power of hydrogen) value of the solution can be measured by taking samples while using universal indicator. In our examples; ammonia is reacted with nitric acid to make ammonium nitrate and ammonia is reacted with sulphuric acid to make ammonium sulphate. [2] NH3 + HNO3 › NH4NO3 Ammonia + Nitric Acid › Ammonium Nitrate NH3 + H2SO4 › (NH4)2SO4 Ammonia + Sulphuric Acid › Ammonium Sulphate When these fertilisers are manufactured in a factory the ammonia and the acid are pumped into a mixing vessel, where the solution is neutralised. The solution is then heated and the water evaporates off leaving the molten ammonium nitrate/sulphate which is sprayed into a cooling chamber. Air is blown into the bottom of the cooling chamber to cool the ammonium nitrate/sulphate. The
Has the creation of the Single European Market been a success?
Has the creation of the Single European Market been a success? The Single Market was contemplated in the Rome Treaty. It consisted of an eight-year programme to be completed between 1985 and 1992 and one of the main objectives was to eliminate barriers that existed to trade in the then European Community. Its completion was considered to be one of the most ambitious targets and one of the most enduring successes.1 The Single European Act provided the legal framework that made the attainment of the target of a Single European Market by 1992 a realist possibility, through a process of harmonisation for existing legislation. The mobility of capital, labour and goods and services became reality in simultaneous with the establishment of a new European trading block in which competition between countries and companies has increased. The key objectives of the Community are in the Rome Treaty. In this essay I will analyse whether or not the Single European Market has been a success, defining success as 'a favourable accomplishment'. The original plans for a Common Market as known in the Treaty of Rome, which emphasized the creation of a Common Market and Customs Union between the member states, meant the removal of tariffs and other obstacles to trade between the original Six and, as expressed through the Common External Tariff (CET), the adoption of a Common Trade Policy
Discuss research relating to bystander behaviour.
Lyndsey Paterson Discuss research relating to bystander behaviour (24 marks) The murder of Kitty Genovese and the bystander behaviour that was apparent that night triggered a great deal of research to explain bystander behaviour. Latane & Darley suspected that the fact that the number of possible helpers was so large might actually have contributed to their lack of intervention. They processes that might explain the reluctance of others to 'get involved' in situations such as the Kitty Genovese incident. The Diffusion of Responsibility explanation suggests that the more witnesses there are to a person needing help, the less anyone witness feels responsible for giving help. Latane & Darley conducted a lab based experiment using male university students seated in individual cubicles connected by an intercom system, believing they had come to take part in a discussion on collage life. Students were lead to believe they were on their own, alone with one other participant who would later appear to have an epileptic seizure, or an increasing number of other participants. Help was less likely and slower to be given when participants believed that other potential helpers were available. The findings from this study support the notion of diffusion of responsibility as, as suggested the more witness there were to the victim needing help, the less the participant felt a sloe
Research into Brewing and Fermentation
Brewing Part 1 stimulus material: Research and collecting secondary data During a guided tour of Brawn’s brewery, you have been told that it is important to control conditions for fermentation. You are going to do some research into this statement. You should find out: . What fermentation is 2. What types (varieties) of yeast are used in brewing 3. What conditions are used in breweries to ensure that fermentation occurs efficiently 4. Why it is important to control these conditions for fermentation in a brewery. You will need to: . Write a detailed list of all the sources you used 2. Write up the information you have found for use in Part 2 and Part 3 What fermentation is? The metabolic process where an organism makes a carbohydrate for example starch or sugar into an acid or alcohol is called fermentation. An example of this is when yeast performs fermentation in order to gain energy by turning sugar into alcohol. Converting carbohydrates into lactic acid is when bacteria perform fermentation. http://chemistry.about.com/od/lecturenoteslab1/f/What-Is-Fermentation.htm What types (varieties) of yeast is used in brewing? Active Dry Yeast: dry yeast requires that it is initially dissolved in warm water before adding a recipe. Active dry yeast should not be exposed to and liquid that are higher than 110 degrees Fahrenheit in temperature. Baker’s Yeast:
Outline and evaluate research into obedience (12)
Outline and evaluate research into obedience (12) In Milgram's original obedience to authority study, his aims were to set up a situation in which single individuals were ordered to act against a stranger in an inhumane way and to see at what point they would refuse to obey the order. Milgram advertised for male volunteers by placing an advert in a local paper, which offered $4.50 as payment for taking part in a study of 'punishment and learning'. 40 respondents from a range of backgrounds were selected and were told to attend the laboratory in Yale University. They were greeted by the experimenter, and were introduced to a 'supposedly' participant, Mr Wallace, but actually he was a confederate. They were both experienced to a role-assignment but it was rigged so that the real participant was the teacher. The experimenter explained to the teacher that it was his job to teach the learner a series of word pairs and then test their recall. If an error was made in the answer, an electric shock was made, starting from 15V working upwards each time. As the shocks became higher, the learner screamed and became more dramatic, and complained of a weak heart at around 180V. The participants showed signs of extreme tension, even showing nervous laughing fits, but they were still told to 'please go on' even though they didn't want to continue. Along side that, when the teacher refused
