Home Economics - Why is nutrition important to sports people?
In order to obtain an idea for a task I could research, I decided to do an initial brainstorm of all the areas that would be possible to complete the project on (see fig1, next page). The factors that would affect my decision of what area to choose, were how easy it would be for me to research the topic, whether I knew people I could speak to about it and whether it was something that interested me. Because of these, I decided to research into nutrition for rowing. This was because I am a rower myself which meant that it would interest me, I would already know about the topic and I knew a variety of people who would be able to provide information and help on the subject. For research: To start the project I needed to carry out some preliminary, general research into the sport and its demands. The following are some things I needed to research: o Sports nutrition o Nutritional requirements of a normal person o Nutritional requirements of a rower o What a rower should eat on the day of, and during the week before, a race. Preliminary research Sources To ensure that I could gat a balanced set of information I decided to use data from several media types. These could include magazines, people, websites, books and companies. The following are some sources I thought would be useful: o ARA (amateur rowing association) o Internet - including rowing websites, BBC website,
Investigating Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis.
AT2 Biology Investigating Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis Stella Boachie How does Light Intensity Affect the Rate of Photosynthesis? Aim The aim of this coursework is to investigate whether light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis. To do this, I will place a piece of Canadian pondweed in varying light intensities and observe the amount of oxygen given off. Introduction Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light into chemical energy. In green plants, light energy is captured by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts found in the palisade cells of the leaves and used to concert water, carbon dioxide and minerals into oxygen and energy rich organic compounds (sugar) that are the basis of both plants and animal life. The first step in photosynthesis is Light Dependent Processes (Light Reaction). Light strikes chlorophyll in such a way as to excite electrons to a higher energy state. In a series of reaction, the energy is converted along an electron transport process into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). Water is split in the process, releasing oxygen as a by-product of the reaction. The ATP and NADPH are used to make C-C bonds in the next stage of photosynthesis, Light Independent Process (Dark Reaction). In the Light Independent Process, carbon
How the molar concentration of NaHCO3 (Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate) affects the rate of photosynthesis in Elodea.
How the molar concentration of NaHCO3 (Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate) affects the rate of photosynthesis in Elodea. In the experiment I am conducting, I will attempt to discover how the molar concentration of NaHCO3 affects the rate of photosynthesis in Elodea by setting up simple equipment, recording the results as well as attempting to draw some conclusions from my results. I will be looking to find if a relationship/correlation exists between the concentration of NaHCO3 and the amount of bubbles produced during a set duration. Factor chosen: I shall vary the molar concentration of NaHCO3 (Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate) in order to change the concentration of available CO2. My variables: In my experiment, my dependent variable will be the amount of oxygen produced, my independent variable will be the concentration of NaHCO3 and my control variable will be light intensity/distance of lamp from Elodea as well as temperature. Amount of oxygen produced: - the amount of oxygen produced will increase or decrease according to the strengths and amounts of the other factors. Oxygen is created as a result of photosynthesis along with glucose, and this oxygen will be present in the form of a bubble which I will attempt to count. Concentration of NaHCO3:- It gives out carbon dioxide, and when it is heated at relatively high temperatures, it gives out even more carbon dioxide. The
An investigation into the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis of Canadian pondweed (Elodea canadensis)
An investigation into the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis of Canadian pondweed (Elodea canadensis) Planning Scientific knowledge and understanding All green plants need to be able to make their own food. They do this by a process called photosynthesis, which means, "making things with light." Photosynthesis is a series of organic chemical reactions by which green plants produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. It occurs only in the presence of light, and takes place in the chloroplasts of green plant cells. Land plants get carbon dioxide from the air. Water plants get carbon dioxide from water (carbon dioxide in the air dissolved into water). Photosynthesis creates oxygen and sugar. Oxygen is released into the air and used by all animals, including humans, in order to respire. Sugar is used by the plant to respire or store them inside their body. The overall chemical equation for photosynthesis can be expressed as: Plants convert the light energy into stored chemical energy. Photosynthesis is possible because green plants contain an energy-capturing substance called chlorophyll. The plant gets its green colour because chlorophyll is green. Light energy drives photosynthesis. The chlorophyll captures the light energy and uses it to build carbohydrates from simple raw materials (water, carbon dioxide and minerals). The raw
Biology notes
AQA GCSE Biology Unit 2 Summary Notes 2.1 Animal and Plant Cells Cells * Cells are the smallest unit of life. * All living things are made of cells. * Most human cells, like most other animal cells, have the following parts: o nucleus o cytoplasm o cell membrane o mitochondria o ribosomes * Plant cells also have: o cell wall o chloroplasts o permanent vacuole What do these structures do? * Nucleus - controls the activities of the cell. * Cytoplasm - where most of the chemical reactions take place. * Cell membrane - controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell. * Mitochondria - where most energy is released in respiration. * Ribosomes - where protein synthesis occurs. * Cell wall - strengthens plant cells. * Chloroplasts - absorb light energy to make food in plant cells. * Permanent vacuole - filled with cell sap in plant cells. Other facts: * The chemical reactions inside cells are controlled by enzymes. Examples: o Enzymes for respiration are in the mitochondria. o Enzymes for photosynthesis are in the chloroplasts. o Enzymes for protein synthesis are on the ribosomes. * Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function. Examples: Tissues, organs and systems * A tissue is a group of similar cells carrying out a particular function. * An organ is a group of different tissues carrying out a particular function. *
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that deals with the identification and naming of living organisms
Mr. Miller Biology 401A Biology Essay BEGÜM COGAL A species is a genetically distinct group of organisms, which can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offsprings. External similarity is the common basis for identifying individuals as being members of the same species. Yet a bulldog, a terrier, and a golden retriever are very different in appearance, but they are all dogs because they can interbreed. People can also interbreed with one another, and so can cats, but people cannot interbreed with dogs or cats, nor can these with each other. This shows that individuals of a species are able to interbreed with one another but not with members of other species. Even if they could interbreed with members of other species they would not be able to produce fertile offsprings. For example, when horses and donkeys mate, they produce mules. However, these mules are infertile. They are unable to breed at all and bear offsprings of their own. Taxonomy is the branch of biology that deals with the identification and naming of living organisms. The Swedish biologist, Carolus Linnaeus (1707 - 1778) established a simple system for classifying and naming organisms. He developed a hierarchy, or in other words a ranking system for classifying organisms, that is the basis for modern taxonomy. Linnaeu's classification hierarchy included five levels: kingdom, class, order, genus, and
Sand Dune Succession Coursework
Sand Dune Succession Coursework Aim: The aim of this experiment is to discover how the pH value and the humus value of soil samples collected along a 600 metre transect change as we travel away from the shoreline. The results will indicate how succession has an affect upon the soil and the environment. Also the plant species number will be recorded and a trend will be drawn from the results of percentage cover. Background Summary: Succession is a gradual directional change in an ecosystem over time. A good example of primary succession can be seen on coastal sand dunes such as Winterton sand dunes. Here many stages of succession can be seen in one place. Primary succession is when the starting point is bare ground with no living things present. In this case the starting point is bare sand. The first species to colonise bare ground like this are called pioneer plants. These are able to survive in very difficult conditions and are more salt tolerant than other plants. The sand has very few nutrients and is also unstable. The pioneer plants, examples are sea rocket and sea holly, must be tolerant of salt pray and have xeromorphic features which aid survival in an area with a lack of fresh water in the fast-drying sand. Over many years the environmental conditions become more suitable for a wider range of plants to live. As the number of species increases, competition
The Aral Sea
examine the causes and effects of biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests Biodiversity refers to the variety and quantity of all forms of life on Earth such as plants, animals and micro-organisms. It is estimated that there are up to 30 million different living species on Earth and more than 50 percent of these species live in the tropical rainforests. (rain-tree, N/A) Tropical rainforests play and important role in the world's natural environment as well as human society, as they not only provide a safe home for numerous plants and animals and help stabilize the world's climate and nature, but also also are a great source for medicines and foods. However numerous lives in tropical rainforests are at risk due to human deforestation. Deforestation in tropical rainforests as the major cause of the tragic loss of biodiversity, mainly happens due to globalization and cattle ranching, hydroelectric power, migration and logging. As a consequence, the ecosystem is disrupted, soil is eroded, carbon dioxide levels are increased and the nutrient cycle is affected. Globalization and cattle ranching is one of the major causes of loss of biodiversity due to deforestation in tropical rainforests. Meanwhile, industrial countries continue to develop and the demand for cattle is rapidly increasing. Over the past 25 years, rainforests have been cleared from an area the size of the entire
Biology CourseworkTo determine if the distribution of flora across Ellerbeck is due to chance. The valley containing Eller beck possesses a huge variety of different species of plant life, particular species are often found in specific places
Biology Coursework To determine if the distribution of flora across Ellerbeck is due to chance. The valley containing Eller beck possesses a huge variety of different species of plant life, particular species are often found in specific places across the valley, to find out why these particular plants grow in the particular places I mean to investigate where different species of plants are located and what the conditions in those particular places are, investigating the effects of several factors on the distribution of these different species across a specific area of the valley. I believe that the varied distribution of the different species investigated is directly related to, and can be explained by the differences in the factors I will be measuring, that certain plants will grow in certain places in the area because they are more suitably adapted, in whatever way to the conditions in that specific place. This is a rough diagram of Ellerbeck. I plan to perform my investigation using two information gathering techniques, after first establishing a straight line across the valley by taking a bearing using a compass from one point at the top of the South side of the valley and following that bearing down the valley, across the beck and up the other side whilst performing both a line transect and an interrupted belt transect. I also plan to perform an interrupted belt
Revision notes - origins of life on Earth, chemistry of life
8.4 LIFE ON EARTH 8.4.1 Origin of life 8.4.1.1 Identify the r/ship between the conditions on early Earth and the origin of organic molecules * Early earth contained no ozone layer › large amounts of UV radiation reached the earth * Little free oxygen (anoxic) therefore no ozone layer. * The volcanic emissions filled the atmosphere with methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), H, CO2, CO and small amounts of water vapour. * The violent electrical storms and acidic rain formed the present warm and mineral-rich oceans. * There are only two possible ways organic molecules could have formed either - formed on earth from simpler molecules (Abiogenesis) - arrived from the cosmos (Panspermia) 8.4.1.2 Discuss the implications of the existence of organic molecules in the cosmos for the origin of life on Earth Panspermia * Elements found in space (H, He, C, O, N, P) can combine to form organic molecules. * Some of these compounds including amino acids have been found in meteors that have struck the earth's surface. * Panspermia proposes that living organisms were seeded on earth as passengers on comets and meteors (ie. Life evolved elsewhere and travelled to earth) 8.4.1.3 Describe two scientific theories relating to the evolution of the chemicals of life and discuss their significance in understanding the origin of life Chemosynthesis * Formation of complex organic molecules on
