Population Challenge
POPULATION - A FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR AUSTRALIA Current and Future Australian Population Trends and their Implications Growth Rates Since the beginning of the 20th century, Australia's population has increased five-fold, this will increase to between 24-28 million in 50 year's time, with the pace falling in about ten years time (Figure1). The highest growth occurred after WWII and the lowest in the 1930s coinciding with the Great Depression (Table1). Natural increase has attributed to two-thirds of Australia's population; fertility and morality rates have undergone significant changes due to increasing proportions of couples restricting their family size to one, two or no kids at all and falls in mortality rates of children and of mothers in childbirth. The third factor contributing to population growth, overseas migration has fluctuated substantially playing a significant role in absolute numbers and the number of their children. Age Structure Throughout the last century the population has aged steadily, apart from a reversal in the 1947-1971's post-war baby boom. Projections indicate that Australia's population will continue to age, an inevitable result of low fertility levels and increasing life expectancy. This means that more Australians will be retiring from the labour force than joining in the future. Spatial Distribution Australian's population have mainly
Population Pyramids.
Population Pyramids Below is the population pyramid for Bangladesh 2000 2000 2025 Births per 1,000 population.................... 25 16 Deaths per 1,000 population.................... 9 7 Rate of natural increase (percent)............. 1.7 0.9 Annual rate of growth (percent)................ 1.6 0.8 Life expectancy at birth (years)............... 60.2 69.1 Infant deaths per 1,000 live births............ 72 34 Total fertility rate (per woman)............... 2.9 2.1 Midyear Population Estimates and Average Annual Period Growth Rates: 950 to 2050 (Population in thousands, rate in percent) Growth Year Population Year Population Period Rate 950 45,646 1996 121,143 1950-1960 1.8 960 54,622 1997 123,119 1960-1970 2.1 970 67,403 1998 125,120 1970-1980 2.7 980 88,077 1999 127,146 1980-1990 2.2 990 109,897 2000 129,194 1990-2000 1.6 991 111,936 2010 150,392 2000-2010 1.5 992 113,711 2020 169,613 2010-2020 1.2 993 115,453 2030 184,478 2020-2030 0.8 994 117,283 2040 196,594 2030-2040 0.6 995 119,189 2050 205,094
The World Population.
Population, term referring to the total human inhabitants of a specified area, such as a city, country, or continent, at a given time. Population study as a discipline is known as demography. It is concerned with the size, composition, and distribution of populations; their patterns of change over time through births, deaths, and migration; and the determinants and consequences of such changes. Population studies yield knowledge important for planning, particularly by governments, in fields such as health, education, housing, social security, employment, and environmental preservation. Such studies also provide information needed to formulate government population policies, which seek to modify demographic trends in order to achieve economic and social objectives. Methods of research National censuses, civil registration, and, since the 1960s, national sample surveys are the major sources of demographic data. They provide the raw materials for investigating the causes and consequences of population changes. The most common source is the population census, a count of all persons by age and with specified social and economic characteristics within a given area at a particular time. A register is a continuous record of births, deaths, migrations, marriages, and divorces, often maintained by a local government; reliability varies with the scrupulousness of citizens in reporting
Our Ponderous Population
Our Ponderous Population The growing population of a city affects many aspects of daily life, such as transportation. By the year 2020, "the city of Edmonton's population is expected to grow from 616,000 [in 1996] to 829,000 people"1; 1.17 million in the region surrounding Edmonton2. To avoid traffic and a poor infrastructure, the Transportation Master Plan (TMP) has been written with changes the city will make to satisfy our future needs. But as promising as it seems, does it satisfy Mother Nature's needs? The main purpose of the TMP is to "establish a framework for how the City of Edmonton will address its future transportation needs to the year 2020."3 Based on the theory that due to an increased population and changed demographic ("significantly larger proportion of seniors...[smaller] school-aged portion"4), there will be more decentralised travel patterns, which means "more and longer trips."5 Due to the larger population, vehicle emission levels will be higher, but not by much due to improvements in vehicle design.6 To account for all this, the TMP will: "manage traffic congestion"7, "provide a wider range of travel options [such as public transit]"8, keep community impacts of the TMP low, keep the infrastructure in good shape, "support efforts and behaviours which limit environmental impacts"9, and keep up with and adapt to changing conditions.10 One of the
) Explain how natural selction may bring about changes in a population and what conditions may be necessary to bri about speciation
a)} How may Variation Arise in Natural populations b) Explain how natural selction may bring about changes in a population and what conditions may be necessary to bri about speciation A species is a group of organisms that look alike and can reproduce successfully to produce fertile offspring. Within a species there is variation which can be caused my meiosis, random fertilisation, mutations and the natural environment. Genetic variation increases the chance for survival of a population if the environment changes. For example the introduction of a new virus in to the new environment may kill some organisms but others may be resistant to it and survive. If all the organisms had been genetically identical they may have all been killed. The species that survive are likely to live longer and pass on their useful genes to future generations. The change in a species over time is called evolution. There are two types of variation; continuous and discontinuous variation. Discontinuous variation is when there is a complete range of measurements from one extreme to the other for a normal characteristic, such as human height. Discontinuous variation is where characteristics are fit into separate categories with no intermediates such as human blood groups. During the process of meiosis each homologous pair of chromosomes aligns independently along the equator and whether the
Theories of population.
Introduction The population problem has become one of the most important in the world. The end of 1998, according to UN's population reports, has doubled the total population in the world during the last 50 years. Despite the rate of population growth has declined from 2.0% in 1970-75 to 1.4% in the last half decade, there are still 6 billions people in the world and about 80 percent of them live in Less Developed Countries (LDCs). (Table 6.1 in Hewitt. T & I. Smyth 2000). This essay will introduce the main theories of population and examine the overpopulation is or not the major cause of poverty and environmental degradation. Theories of population Thomas Malthus published his famous essay: the principle of population and food production in 1798. In that essay, he illustrated the relationship between population increases and subsistence food supply. The main idea of that theory is that the food supply can only increase arithmetically because of limited land availability and limited technologies, but population increase geometrically. If population increases outstrips food increases, it would cause poverty, environmental degradation and even wars. Therefore, we must control population increases in some ways. He also states that if the average food supply falls below the subsistence level of consumption per people. It may cause starve and famine. The increase of morality
Population Control
POPULATION CONTROL (ESSAY SLS100) "To the point of farce: a Martian view of the hardinian taboo-the silence that surrounds population control" says Maurice King & Charles Elliott. Basically population control means to implement startegies in order to limit the increasing population. It is usually done by reducing the birth rate. The measures involved in the population control can improve people's lives giving them greater control over their reproduction. It is known that is caused by poverty and gender inequality with the unavailability and lack of knowledge of the use of contraception. Due to increasing population there are documentaries and films being made on population control. An example of this can be The Planet, which is a documentary, which describes the ongoing increase in the population. Prediction was made by Thomas Malthus that the world's population would soon outgrow its food supply1. A movement began in the early twentieth century to limit the number of births and therefore limit the growth of the world's population. The movement was supported by groups such as the International Planned Parenthood Federation. After this a number of countries have made population control a national policy. Therefore the main causes of increase in population are not just because of poverty, gender inequality or lack of knowledge of the use of contraception but it is also due
Impact of Population
POPULATION PROBLEMS THE IMPACT OF EXPONENTIAL GROWTH OF HUMAN POPULATION IN RESOURCES AND & ENVIRONMENT "Humans are 10,000 times more common than we should be, according to the rules of the animal kingdom, and we have agriculture to thank for that. Without farming, the world population would probably have reached half a million by now." Steve Jones H.O.D. Biology, University College London Kush Vatsaraj XI D ESS SL 2 3/31/2009 THE IMPACT OF EXPONENTIAL POPULATION GROWTH ON RESOURCES & THE ENVIRONMENT Throughout the years, as man discovered newer and better ways to live and improve his life, the world population grew at a higher rate. At first the population was not too great, so as to put much pressure on the environment and was sustainable. But in recent years due to advancement in fields of agriculture, healthcare, transport and communication, etc., the population has started increasing at an exponential rather than a geometric rate, more so after the industrial revolution. Earlier the human population growth was sigmoid but became exponential after the industrial revolution made living conditions better, causing a drop in the crude death rate and increase in the average life expectancy and crude birth rate. As the second graph shows when the population grows exponentially it rapidly increases in a very short span of time. This not only causes
Population growth
POPULATION GROWTH ONE CHILD POLICY! In 1979 China was facing one of the biggest problems with popluation control, the birth rates were increasing.China was was an LEDC for many reasons, there were large numbers of families, the chinese people were not educated on how to control birth rates, they had no access to contraception therefore the the population was rapidly increasing. With a high density of popluation there was not enough jobs for people, countless chinese people were living in poverty and not enough medical services were provided. The chinese government introduced a new law called 'The one child policy' this allowed couples to have only one child. CONSEQUENCES After the 'one child policy' was introduced, the Chinese population was slowly decreasing- the birth rates gradually dropped down. The one child policy was economic because it reduced unemployment; better health services were provided for pregnant women. However this had caused social and economic problems among the people of the country. Women who got married, had to live with their husband, this left their parents with no one to look after them. China's population is mainly males because boys were accepted than girls (this a traditional; cultural belief) and this lead to girls being killed, abandoned or aborted. As a result china would have fewer women, with more men so the population is
Over Population.
Lauren Hoff IB Biology 11 May 19, 2004 Jensen Over Population On October 12, 199, the 6th billionth Homo sapien was born on planet Earth. Every population on earth has a carrying capacity, the number of organisms an environment can support. Many scientists believe that we are dangerously flirting with this line. Although we are still growing exponential, the growth rate is beginning to slow, going from 4.9 in 1960 to a year 2000 calculation of 2.6. Since we our growth rate is slowing, we are considered to be in the transitional phase of a sigmoid curve, which is right before the plateau or carrying capacity. Over population in the world is affecting many things, such as water supply, food supply, and also the amount of land. Many things are being done about this, such as in China, where the number of children allowed to one family is restricted. Speaking of China, it is possibly one of the best examples of over population. It is home to over one-fifth of the worlds population, and still, only a country. When China experienced the population growth, the country had already been established, therefore, the new members of society could not expand out across the land. The people were forced to live on over crowded farm land. Also, the amount of resources available was still the same as when it was with less people. Therefore, much of the rivers, such as the Yangtze River,
