Explain Issues Associated With The Classification And/Or Diagnosis Of Depression.
EXPLAIN ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE CLASSIFICATION AND/OR DIAGNOSIS OF DEPRESSION (10 MARKS) There are many issues with the classification and diagnosis of depression. One issue is the fact that there are some people who strongly believe that depression should not be medicalised. They argue that all humans have mood levels, so it is very natural for someone’s mood to go up and down- people can recover without medical treatment. However, there are also others who argue mood can show extreme manifestations and can serious illnesses which could then potentially lead to death, so they argue that depression should be medicalised- it should be treated in the same way you would treat other physical changes such as sugar levels and high temperature. Another issue is the fact that it can prove to be rather difficult to make distinctions between types of depressions. For example, a person who is suffering from bipolar may have the same symptoms as a person who is suffering from unipolar, so a person could potentially end up being misdiagnosed and be given treatment which may have no effect on the depression that they are suffering from. Another issue is the fact that depression can remain under diagnosed in children because the symptoms are displayed differently in children. The depressive symptoms in children are irritability rather than low mood. Irritability can also be a
Describe and evaluate one or more biological explanations of schizophrenia
Describe and evaluate one or more biological explanations of schizophrenia Research has shown that schizophrenia is heredity and can runs in families. This suggests that genes play a significant role. The closer the genetic relationship the more likely the people are to share the disorder. Evidence from family studies by Gottesman showed that when bothparent are schizophrenic then there is a 46% chance of the child getting it, however, if only one parent had it, it dropped to 17%. This suggests that a genetic factor is involved. MZ twins share 100% of their genes; DZ twins share 50% of their genes. If genes are a factor we would expect more identical twins to share the disorder than non-identical. Gottesman also looked at twin studies, he found that that the average concordance rate for monozygotic twins is 46% whereas is it only 14% in dizygotic twins. This was because MZ twins were more similar in their genetics. These results were also supported by a study by Cardno et al which used strict diagnostic criteria they showed concordance rate of 26.5% for MZ twins, but only 0% for DZ twins. This provides strong evidence for a genetic component. However there are many issues with this kind of research MZ twins are very rare and of these only 1% would be expected to have schizophrenia, so sample size in these studies are usually small, because only a select number of families
Schizophrenia is a very serious condition. It is the most common psychosis.
Schizophrenia is a very serious condition. It is the most common psychosis. Schizophrenia affects attention, thinking, social relationships, motivation and emotion. In a serious episode, most find it hard to understand the "reality" and it challenges our basic understanding about human perceptions of the real world. Most experts believe it is not really a single disorder, but has several different causes. This could be due to the fact that it has so many different characteristics. One aspect that all types of schizophrenia share is "a break with reality". No single cause has been identified with schizophrenia. Biological, behavioural and social research suggests a complex interplay between factors. For example, people might have an inherited tendency towards schizophrenia that is triggered by environmental circumstances. Schizophrenia depends in part on genetic factors. Grottesman (1978) studied the likelihood of offspring developing schizophrenia. It was found that children of one schizophrenic parent was a 17% risk, children with two schizophrenic parents were 46-47% more likely to get schizophrenia, siblings were 8%, identical twin of one parent was 17%. Putting the fact that the prevalence for the normal population is 1% it can be concluded that the cause of schizophrenia looks to be genetic. However it cannot be a full cause as it's not 100% concordance rate for MZ
To What Extent Are Neurotransmitters Implicated In Schizophrenia
To What Extent Are Neurotransmitters Implicated In Schizophrenia During the course of this essay. The effects of Schizophrenia will be discussed, and whether or not neurotransmitters have a major implication in the diagnosis of such a disease. First we will look at the neurotransmitters, and how they develop. Followed by the biological implications towards Schizophrenia. Concluding with empirical evidence to support or disagree with the different aspects that effect the prognosis of Schizophrenia. Neurotransmitters basically evolve through the synoptic knob. This is where an impulse arrives at the synoptic knob, causing calcium to diffuse into from a surrounding tissue fluid. These Ions break down only a few of the synoptic vesicles to transfer to the synaptic membrane. Which then transmits a discharge known as a neurotransmitter. There are over 50 different neurotransmitters within the Human nervous system. But, there have only been two neurotransmitters that have been broadly studied. They are Acetycholine and Norepinephrine. Acetypcholine originates within the neuromuscular nerve junctions, which tend to be released at the synapses of skeletal muscles, and they consist from many other nerve endings within the brain. Acetycholine is often associated with Alzheimer's disease. Norepinephrine is released by sympathetic neurons, and it is these sympathetic
Schizophrenia and related psychosis.
The author of this work is currently employed as a community psychiatric nurse whose remit is to work with those clients with serious and enduring mental illness, the majority of whom have a medical diagnosis of schizophrenia and related psychosis. Over the past 10 years there's been a growing movement towards diverse treatments for schizophrenia other than the acknowledged role of medication as a treatment modality (Birchwood and Tarrier 1993). Developments in psychological theory have led to a number of innovative psychological treatments drawn from human experimental psychology such as behavioural and social psychology and cognitive science. Therapies based on cognitive behavioural theory have been rapidly developing, initially for the so called 'neurotic disorders' but in recent years evidence has accumulated to suggest that these cognitive behavioural approaches can be effective for those people suffering from psychosis ( Williams 1995). The aim of this assignment is to explore the basis of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and review its' therapeutic application to schizophrenia. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is an evolutionary paradigm that came about a from the merging of the established paradigm of behavioural therapy and contemporary cognitive therapy (Clarke and Fairburn 1997). Behavioural therapy historically focused on anxiety, phobic
Biological Treatments for Schizophrenia
Biological Treatments The biological approach suggests that schizophrenia is a disorder caused by genetic abnormalities, neurotransmitter levels and brain structure irregulations. Therefore the biological treatments focus of restoring theses to normal levels with the main focus being on drug therapy. Schizophrenia is implicated with an excess of the neurotransmitter dopamine, so conventional anti-psychotic drugs such as Chlorpromazine reduce dopamine levels. They bind to dopamine receptors, blocking dopamine and reducing its levels. Positively, Chlorpromazine is 70% effective making it the most effective drug treatment. However, this is not 100% effective and questions the other 30% who it doesn’t work for. Thus, those who don’t respond to Chlorpromazine are prescribed atypical antipsychotic drugs such as Clozapine. This acts on the dopamine system as well blocking serotonin receptors, suggesting that serotonin is implicated with schizophrenia as well as dopamine. Clozapine has less side effects than Chlorpromazine but negatively affects the immune system. These effects can be counteracted by other drugs but they are costly for the patient. Both drugs have limitations. It has also been found, mostly with conventional antipsychotic drugs that tariff dyskinesia is a major side effect and roughly 30% of those taking it will develop the disorder, irreversible for
Bio explanations of schizophrenia
Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia One biological explanation for schizophrenia is that genetic factors are involved. This view considers that certain individuals possess certain genes which predispose an individual to schizophrenia. This can be explained in more detail using studies on twins. According to research identical twins are said to share 100% of their genes and therefore if one twin has schizophrenia, there's a 48% chance of the other twin developing it too. Gottesman summarised 40 twin studies and found that the concordance rate for MZ twins was 48% and the concordance rate for DZ twins was about 17%. Concordance rates were also studied by Cardano et al using the Maudsley twin register. They found concordance rates to be 40% for MZ twins and 17% for DZ twins. This provides strong evidence in which genetic factors play a key role in schizophrenia. However because concordance rates are not 100%, it is said that there must be some kind of environmental input. Loehlin and Nicholas argued that the reason for higher concordance rates in MZ rather than DZ twins was due to DZ twins being treated more similarly so therefore producing a greater environmental similarity. Nevertheless because schizophrenia has chances of becoming inherited, we would expect to find that relatives also have similar chances of developing this disorder. This is supported by Kendler et al
Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a mental disease marked by disconnection between thoughts, feelings and actions frequented with delusions and retreat from the social life.
CONTENTS .0 INTRODUCTION .1 DEFINITON .2 CAUSES .3 SYMPTOMS 2.0 DIAGNOSIS 2.1 DSM IV CRITERIA 3.0 TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA 4.0 STATISTICS 5.0 TREATMENT 6.0 CONCLUSION 7.0 REFERENCES .0 INTRODUCTION Psychoses are personality disorders marked by mental and emotional disruptions that make a previously normal individual incapable of adequate self-management or adjustment in the society. Some of the functional psychoses are schizophrenia, manic depressive psychoses, paranoia. Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disease. Approximately 1 percent of the population develops schizophrenia .Although schizophrenia affects men and women with equal frequency, the disorder often appears earlier in men, usually in the late teens or early twenties, than in women, who are generally affected in the twenties to early thirties. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/schizoph.htm#schiz .1 DEFINITION The word schizophrenia is derived from the Greek words, schizo meaning 'to split' and phren meaning 'mind'. Earlier, the term used for the disease, with these symptoms of disorganization of thought processes, was dementia praecox. Eugen Bleuer, a Swiss psychiatrist, coined the term schizophrenia meaning split mind. > Schizophrenia: A general term for a number of severe mental disorders involving disturbed thought processes, withdrawal from reality, and various
Mental illness - Schizophrenia
Mental Illness Mental illness is any illness that has significant psychological or behavioral signs, which have painful or distressing symptoms, which occur, in more then one important area. Mental illness can be caused by psychological, social, biochemical, or genetic dysfunction or disturbance in the individual. There are many types of mental illnesses, each of which affects a certain area in a person's psychological and behavioral ways. Mental illnesses have become quite common, it is estimated that about 15% of the population in developed countries have some sort of mental illness. The different forms of mental illness are: Schizophrenia- someone with schizophrenia don't have split personality, they have a brain disorder that interferes with the persons ability to think clearly, manage emotions, make decisions and relate to other. Symptoms: hallucinations, delusions, confused thinking, altered senses- trouble making sense of signs, sounds, feelings, altered or blocked emotions- expression of feelings inappropriately. Bipolar disorder- is brain disorder resulting in episodes of mania and depression. Symptoms of mania: either happy mood or unpleasant mood, increased activity and energy, faster and increased thinking and talking, ambitious plans, poor judgment, increase in sexual interest and activity, decreased sleep. Symptoms of depression:
Schizophrenia is a group of psychotic disorders that are characterized by loss of contact with reality.
SCHIZOPHRENIA Schizophrenia is a group of psychotic disorders that are characterized by loss of contact with reality. Characteristics may include disturbance of thought processes, such as hallucinations, insertion and delusions (positive symptoms). A second type involve disturbance of affect, such as withdrawal, apathy and displaying no, or inappropriate emotion (negative symptoms). Motor disturbances such as catatonia and rocking, and a disturbance in social functioning are also commonly found symptoms. For diagnosis the criteria are, reduced social functioning and two of the above symptoms, present for 6 months or more. In extreme cases, disturbance of thought processes or hallucinations, if bizarre enough, would be sufficient alone. A distinction was made between type 1, positive/acute functional disorders and type 2, negative/chronic organic disorders. An alternative classification is used by the DSM-1V, which includes three main subtypes. These are, paranoid (positive), disorganised ( pos & Neg) and catatonic(motor). The onset of schizophrenia is usually in the late teens or early twenties for men, and in the late twenties for women. Around one third will have a few acute episodes followed by a full recovery. Another third will have periodic acute episodes throughout life but lead a relatively normal life during remission, and the remaining will show
