Cold war
International History. Option W - 1919-63 Part 2 1945-1963 (Key Issues 7-9) Key Issue 7- Why did the USA and the USSR become rivals in the period 1945-49 The breakup of the wartime alliances . A. What united GB, USA and the Soviet Union between 1941-5 In 1941 Hitler launched an attack on Russia, this breached the terms of the Nazi-Soviet pact. The USA GB and Russia had disliked the Germans for a long time because of their political ideas but this united them together against the Germans. 2. What disagreements were there between the USA and the Soviet Union during this period? The USA and Soviet Union had many differences during this period despite being allies. The main differences between the two countries were their political ideas. The Soviet Union was communist and a one party state, whereas the USA was a democratic country. In America there were numerous parties, all of whom were allowed to be a part of national elections which decided who would take control of their country. They also had social, economic and cultural differences. In the Soviet Union all industry was owned by communists and living standards were poor. Whereas in the USA living standards were higher and industry was privately owned 3. What was agreed at the Yalta conference of February 1945? The Yalta conference took place in February 1945, Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met and wanted to come
The Cold War
After the end of WWII, relations between the two superpowers, America and the Soviet Union, began to break down. As a result, the Cold War began in the late 1940's, named so because neither power came into direct military conflict.coea ear From 1955 to 1958, U2 spy planes from America had been flying photographic missions over the Soviet Union. It showed mistrust toward the SU and broke international law. The Soviets could not detect them, even though the arms race was in progress, as shown in Source A1, a non biased primary source of good utility published in a British magazine. It makes a joke of how the arms race can be compared to an Olympic running race, where "The important thing is not winning, but taking part". The Americans and the Soviets are neck and neck, showing the tension and pressure to win the race. On May 1 1960 a U2 plane, piloted by Gary Powers, was shot down by a SAM-2 missile. Source A2 demonstrates the type of plane that he flew. It is a primary source, however, the provenance is unsure and the utility of the source, limited. The caption infers that the SU knew the Americans were flying overhead. This would add to the tension that was building between the powers at this point. The flight path of the reconnaissance missions is shown in Source A3, a primary source, published the day Powers was shot down. The reliability of the source is bad due to the
The cold war
During the cold war, relief and politics were seen as separate. Yet with an increasing recognition that relief alone is insufficient for the complex humanitarian emergencies, many humanitarian agencies have come to rethink the relationship between humanitarianism and politics. This shifting concept of humanitarian assistance is often called a new humanitarianism. It considers that humanitarian aid should be integrated into part of the long term processes of political issues in relation to the promotion of peace and justice. New humanitarianism is political from the start, and its logical consequence, it rejects the traditional principle of neutrality. In classical humanitarianism, neutrality is one of the essential principles, together with humanity, impartiality, and independence. It considers that humanitarian agencies must seek the consent of warring parties to work in the context of violence in order to gain access to all victims in need of help. Neutrality requires that humanitarian agencies not become involved in, or engaged in any hostilities, abstaining from any political or military considerations. The main priority of neutral agencies is the immediate relief of human suffering. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has kept its neutral position at war as the centre of its mission. For the ICRC, neutrality is described as, "in order to enjoy
Cold War Revision
Cold War Revision A war short of full scale war because of the development of the Atomic bomb. CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR [BARE] . Beliefs: Russia was a Communist country, ruled by a dictator who cared little about human rights. America was a capitalist democracy, which valued freedom. 2. Aims: Stalin wanted reparations from Germany/ a buffer of friendly states. Britain and the USA [led by President Truman] wanted to help Germany recover/ to prevent large areas of Europe from coming under Communist control. 3. Resentment about history: The USSR did not trust Britain and the USA - They had tried to destroy the Russian Revolution in 1918/ Stalin thought they had not helped the USSR enough in WW2. Britain & USA did not trust USSR - Stalin had signed the Nazi-Soviet pact in 1939. 4. Events turned the mistrust into war: Yalta/ Potsdam/ Salami tactics/ Fulton/ Greece/ Truman Doctrine/ Marshall Plan/ Cominform/ Czechoslovakia YALTA CONFERENCE (February 1945) . Churchill, Stalin and Roosevelt agreed to Divide Germany into 4 zones (France, Britain, USA, USSR)/ to hold free elections in Eastern European countries./ to set up the United Nations./ to set up a government of Communists and non Communists in Poland. 2. On the surface, everything seemed friendly, but there was tension behind the scenes POTSDAM CONFERENCE (July 1945) . At Potsdam the tensions surfaced.
COLD WAR ESSAY
Ektha Hunjan Mr. Tomlinson History HL September 2008 How, and to what extent did the conference at Yalta and Potsdam (1945) contribute to the origin of the Cold War? Word Count: 2,008 The conflict between two political ideologies, capitalism and communism resulted in one of the greatest conflicts of the twentieth century. The belief that freedom and democracy would die under communist rule caused the United States to start a conflict that would last for decades. The decisions made by the United States during World War Two caused tensions to rise between the U. S. and the Soviet Union. The fear of Communism in capitalist nations, caused the United States government to use propaganda to raise Cold War concern. Furthermore, the American media influenced the attitudes of the American people, creating hatred to communism, and allowing it to spread though the nation. Thus, the United States caused the conflict known as the Cold War, through its political policy and propaganda. The political relations going on in Europe during and directly after World War II had an enormous effect on laying the foundation for the Cold War. Wartime conferences such as Yalta and Potsdam heartened the relationship between the communists and the capitalists. At the end of World War Two, the American policy towards the Soviets changed drastically. The change in
Cold war
Luke Rogers 5-1-00 "Why have historians found it difficult to reach agreement in assessing responsibility for the Cold War?" The Cold War is a product of the combined folly of both the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. However, historians have seen both sides making mistakes, acting aggressively, and pushing one and other to make further mistakes throughout the years. Furthermore, it is human nature to wish to assign blame to one side or the other. Meanwhile, it has been difficult to tell what one side has been doing as neither the US or the USSR has wished to point out the other side what they had been doing. Of course, no issue in recent history has sparked quite so much discussion in historical circles. Assessing not only the blame but also the damage caused by the Cold War has given rise to many a book and historians have often argued quite aggressively for either side. Nevertheless, historians such as Thomas A. Bailey have argued that the US was reacting to Soviet expansionism and attempting to stem the tide of Soviet aggression. "Revisionists" historians such as William A. Williams have written that the US acted for its own concerns in keeping the world economy open to American trade and therefore fought the Soviets for the purposes of maintaining its economic stronghold. Finally, "post-revisionists" such as Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr have
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The Cold War [1945-1991]
The Cold War [1945-1991] Europe has had its fair share with wars and battles. However most of them were of two peculiar and stand out types of war. They were either Wars of Ideology: what other men and women were allowed to believe, or Wars of Succession, and the balance of power. The cold war for the first time combined both of these characteristics of the European modes of wars. The cold war was fought to determine the fate of Europe which was divided between two great superpowers of the European tradition, the market economy driven United States of America, and the Old Russian autocracy reborn as the Soviet Union through the ideology of communism. "The history of the cold war has been the history of the world since 1945"1. It wasn't a confrontation between two empires, it was, "a total war between economic and social systems, an industrial test to destruction"2. Nevertheless it was also a fight between two conflicting values. The West believes in the ideas of a market economy, free enterprise and a multi party democracy. These qualities were cherished as a necessity. The scenario in the East was quiet contrasting. While the west believed in free enterprise, market economy and democracy the East was driven, by a command economy and single part statism, a.k.a, Dictatorship. The obvious conflict in beliefs, ideas and values, and the stubborn nature of those who defended
Causes of the Cold war.
CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR (Literature Review) This literature review is concerned with defining causes of the Cold War. Its main purpose is to try to depict views of various authors presented in texts such as "We Now Know" by John Lewis Gaddis (1997, Oxford University Press), "Cold War Illusions" by Danna H. Allin (1998, Palgrave MacMillan) and in "The Origins of the Cold War 1941-1949" by Martin McCauley (1995, Longman) and other internet sources and to compare different perspectives of perceiving the comparative approaches. Cold war as a term has many times been explained in a bit confusing way and its actual meaning has been misinterpreted. At first I would like to define "Cold War" before discussing what might have led to it. What can be agreed generally, that Cold War according to the definition of war, has never existed. Though there was not any battling, as it was during world wars, its influence on the post-war world era has been even greater. The question is, when Cold war began and when it ended. M. McCauley thinks it "began in 1947 and ended shortly after Cuban Missile Crisis of 962". (1995) If the Cold War was perceived as a sort of friction between socialism and capitalism, it began in October 1917 and ended with the collapse of the USSR in 1991. (McCauley, 1995) Anyway, the first impressions of upcoming Cold War could be seen
Causation of Cold War
Ryan Marschang Hons History 'The Cold War was caused by fear not aggression'. To what extent does this view explain how the cold war developed between 1945 and 1949? The infamous Cold War was undoubtedly intricate and complex in its premature stages between 1945 and 1949. For this reason, the development of the war within this time frame cannot be attributed to one factor alone. Certainly, a tremendous amount of fear was present within both the USSR and US throughout 1945-1949 which contributed too many key developments. However, fear alone cannot explain the entirety of the developments of the Cold War through its early stages. The Cold War was vastly expansive and ideologically significant in relationship to the socioeconomic systems of communism and capitalism. The early stages of development were influenced by fear as well as aggression, ideology, self-interest, individual figures and endless contributing factors. Fear, in itself, can be extremely motivating. However, it can also lead to a sense of panic and distress. Throughout the period 1945-1949, this is precisely what fear did to both the USSR and the US. Beginning in 1945, the two superpowers were rising from the wake of world war two which ended on August 14th 1945. At this very point, both nations were fearful of the future in relation to the rule of Germany and the struggle between socioeconomic systems.
The End of the Cold War.
Kunal Shah Mr. Muratore; MYP World History; Period 5 9 May 2010 Word Count: 1367 The Cold War's Conclusion On Christmas Day 1991, at 7:35 p.m., the Soviet flag flying over the Kremlin was lowered and replaced by the new Russian Federation flag. The USSR officially ceased to exist on December 31, 1991. The fall of the Soviet Union signified the end of the Cold War (Nye 2). Obviously, this was a huge moment in our world's history; a 44-year-old tension between two of the most powerful countries in the world, which almost brought us to a combative war, was destroyed. But how did something that seemed so improbable one decade previously occur so peacefully? The reform by Mikhail Gorbachev, Ronald Reagan's coercion as well as reform, and the failures in the Soviet Union and its fall were factors that led to the end of the Cold War. First, we must analyze the decisions of Mikhail Gorbachev, who dissolved the Soviet Union and ended the Cold War. Gorbachev as a leader contributed by bringing Western ideals to Soviet Russia, ultimately thawing the conflict between the USSR and the United States and ending communism in Russia (Hogan 12). When he came to power, Gorbachev did not want to bring down the Soviet Union; he wanted to reform it while maintaining Communism (Gaddis 67). However his reforms not only made his relationship with the United States better, but his decisions
