Biology - Cloning. In this case study I shall explain the divisive subject of cloning, I shall endeavour to give an insight into the many factors of cloning, a detailed explanation to what it is and why we do it. I will include what the experts and the pu
Contents . Title Page 2. Contents 3 - 4. Introduction 5. In the News 6. Historical Content 7. Advantages/Disadvantages 8. Discussion 9. Conclusion 0. Bibliography & References Introduction In this case study I shall explain the divisive subject of cloning, I shall endeavour to give an insight into the many factors of cloning, a detailed explanation to what it is and why we do it. I will include what the experts and the public think of this ever growing occurrence. I shall cover the historical background and breakthroughs in the subject, all of this, and backed with my opinion and helpful resources, I hope to deliver a flowing and detailed explanation covering all of the aspects of replicating organisms, combined with detailed explanation covering all related issues. It all began with the ancient Egyptian race, they wanted to clone themselves as an offering to the gods, but this was just an ancient, lost theory. Attempts at cloning ran through the years until 1885. The first cloned animals were created by Hans Driesch. Driesch's original goal was not to create identical animals, but to prove that genetic material is not lost during cell division. His experiments involved sea urchins because they have large embryo cells and grow independently. And then in 1951, scientists cloned a frog egg from the research and experiments from the 1800's. They cloned the frog egg
Biology Case Study
Should drug trials be allowed? By Roshan Mistry 11O Title Page Pg 1 Contents Page Pg2 Introduction Pg3 What is a Drug Trial? Pg4 Types of Drug Trial (Vitro Tests) Pg5 Types of Drug Trial (Clinical Trial) Pg6 How Can Drug Trials be Harmful? Pg8 How can Drug Trials Be Helpful? Pg8 Should Drug Trials be allowed? Pg9 Bibliography Pg 10 This case study will investigate whether drug trials are safe for people and animals. By reading this you will learn about all the benefits and risks of drug trials, whether it's safe or not. The question of "Should Drug Trials be allowed?" will be answered in this case study. I decided to choose this question as there haven't been many debates about the topic so therefore people are unaware. By writing this case study I hope to inform you about drug trials. I also picked this question as I found it interesting knowing where medicines come from and why we assume they are all safe for us. It also lets us look at the hard work put into developing safe medicines for us to use and how much we rely on the scientists who develop and test the medicines. Where does a new medicine come from? Firstly, you will need to know where new medicines come from. When you are ill, you'll visit the doctor and receive drug prescription. Little do you know about where the drug comes from and how the doctors know it's safe to
Revision notes. Reproduction and Variation - genes, reproduction and genetic engineering.
1.6 Reproduction and Variation Genetic material * A cell is the basic unit of life; all organisms are made up of cells. * The nucleus is a large organelle found in all cells, that contains the genetic information. (Even red blood cells once had a nucleus). * DNA (Deoxyribose nucleic acid) is the chemical found in the nucleus of all cells that contains the genetic information. * Chromosomes are thread-like structures made of DNA found in the nucleus * Genes are small sections of a chromosome that control the characteristics of an organism. Different genes control the development of different characteristics. Genes are passed on from parent to offspring, resulting in offspring having similar characteristics to their parents. Eg eye colour Asexual reproduction * There is no fusion of gametes and only one individual is needed as the parent. * There is no mixing of genetic information and so no variation in the offspring. * These genetically identical individuals are known as clones. Examples: * Bacteria or yeast cells use binary fission * Plants can use runners, bulbs or vegetative propagation. * Humans can create plant clones using cuttings and tissue cultures. * Some invertebrate animals like starfish, worms and hydra. * Humans can clone other animals, eg. Dolly the sheep. Sexual reproduction * Sexual reproduction - the joining (fusion) of male and female
Natural variation
Final Amarah Adam Biology- Natural variation Natural variation- foot size between boys and girls Abstract The purpose of the report is to analyze the two major factors that affect how we develop which are genetic and environmental variations. I have presented my data in a table, line graph and bar chart. I also composed a questionnaire. My major conclusions are that genes mostly affect the child's physical features. Introduction I am carrying out this experiment to see the difference in foot sizes of children. In the case of genetic variation, genes are a section of DNA within the chromosomes of a cell, which give the instructions to a cell about how to make a protein. Inherited information controls how an organism develops. Genes pass on information from the parents to the next generation and in this way, they affect our features. The environment also plays a major role in the development of humans or Homo sapiens. For example, when we spend more time in the sun, our skin gets darker. Diet choices and fitness also have an effect on our features. Hypothesis: I expect that maybe, footwear can lead to impaired growth. I also think that the length of their foot will depend on their inherited genes. Probably the older they are the larger their foot. 2 Materials and methods Equipment used: A4 blank paper- to measure the foot Tape measure- to measure heights of
Food Policy at a Crossroads, A World of Plenty or a World of Famine and Pestilence - An examination of competing philosophies
Food Policy at a Crossroads A World of Plenty or a World of Famine and Pestilence An examination of competing philosophies Overview The 21st century has become a world of wonders, a world of scientific and technological miracles. Moreover, a world where human kind strives to solve all of its ills without knowing enough about repercussions. If this dream is to be realized, we as an inter-dependant society, have a moral and ethical duty to make fundamental decisions as to the limits of science and technology in our every day life. Technology is emerging as the ruling power in western societies in the 21st century, and therefore, human kind is finding it more and more difficult to survive without constant aid from new hi-tech advances. Computers and the internet has become men's "best friend". Children are growing up with Nintendo and Xbox, and consequently without the wondrous knowledge of playing tag, climbing a tree, playing in the dirt or with little insects. They have no familiarity with a world without television and videogames, a natural world where everything is organic and healthy. As the futurist Alvin Toffler points out in an article in the New Scientist, "welcome to the latest installment of that (future) shock: the GM revolution. Gene therapy. Spare-part tissues grown from engineered fetal cells. Organ-donor pigs and their viruses. All these are part of
The causes and consequences of variation
The causes and consequences of variation Variation is the differences that exist between members of the same species. It can be caused by environmental or genetic factors. Genetic variation tends to be permanent and stays within the population gene pool (unless it is erased via evolution) and can effect both the phenotype and the genotype of an organism. The environmental differences within or between species cannot be inherited by offspring and are only able to influence the phenotype of a species. Variation can either be continuous and discontinuous. Continuous variation is when there is a complete range of measurements between two extremes. An example of this type of variation can be seen in the height of humans, which ranges from the shortest to the tallest individual in a population. This is an example of polygenic inheritance and the pattern of variation reflects the fact that there are many different combinations of alleles possible for human height. Discontinuous variation is variation in which individuals fall into distinct categories is between one type and another, this type of variation is caused by major genes and is unaffected by the environment. An example of this type of variation if the ABO blood groups, a persons blood group doesn't change just because they don't have the right diet for example or get a tattoo. Other examples include the ability to
Selective Breeding
Selective Breeding in Plants and Animals Selective Breeding in Plants Desired Characteristics plants are bred for: * Decorative plants are selectively bred for colour. * Food plants are selectively bred for better yield. * Most plants are selectively bred to be hardier. * Most plants are selectively bred for resistance against disease. * Some plants are selectively bred for fragrance. * Some plants are selectively bred for texture and taste. Breeding for Characteristics The definition of selective breeding is: The act of breeding two adult organisms to get offspring with desired characteristics The breeder would breed two adults that have the desired characteristic, then he would keep on breeding the younger generations, choosing the offspring with the strongest sense of that characteristic and thus as the generations get further and further the characteristic being breed for would become stronger. Selective breeding can also allow the combination of two adults feature for example if you wanted an orange coloured plant you could breed a red and a yellow coloured plant to get the genes to have a co - dominant relationship. Selective Breeding in Plants (notes) In farming the farmers need to make the most profit that is possible so they breed the plants to get offspring that give a very high yield. To breed the plants they must put them in controlled conditions
Economic impact of genetic engineering on development
Cloning Technology Opinion Paper Why shouldn't humans attempt to clone living organisms including humans? Why do people think it is wrong? Nevertheless, natural cloning occurs everywhere. All plants, some insects, algae, unicellular organisms that conduct mitosis or binary fissions, and identical twins are all clones of each other. As long as genetic make-up is the same they are considered clones. Cloning would bring endless potentially important benefits to everyday life and more importantly, the future. . By being able to clone living organism, we can help endangered species such as tigers and many other nearly extinct animals from being wiped from the face of earth. The idea does not stop there. In the future meat supplies and food sources will become scarce because of the population expanding and insufficiency of land to farm or breed. Therefore, with the technology of cloning, humans can clone essential and necessary animals such as cows and sheep and agricultural animals to provide us with food instead of wasting a lot longer in time and breeding them. If we start researching cloning technology now, in the near future we will be able to make safe and healthy clones faster and more economical. However if ethical reasons and religious beliefs continue to slow down and stop scientific development like every time in history, (such as development of Cell Theory, numerous
Genetically modified foods.
Genetically Modified Foods Liam Pettinger Contents PAGE 3 Introduction 3to4 What is Genetic Modification? 4 What are the facts? 5to6 What are the arguments? : FOR 6 What are the arguments? :AGAINST 7 Conclusion 7 Recommendation General Studies: Report into advantages and disadvantages of GM crops This is a report looking at the advantages and disadvantages that come with the new technology of genetically modified (GM) foods. I will be gathering and analyzing information for both sides of the argument and coming to my own conclusions about what I think should be done on the subject. I will be concentrating on whether or not GM foods would have a good impact on the world or a bad one, by this I mean, will GM foods help to solve food shortages in Africa or will they have a damaging effect on the environment. I will carry out my report using information provided for me in class, this information is 6 A4 sheets of information which has different views on the subject of GM technology. What is Genetic Modification? This technology was developed during the 1970s to enable scientists to modify characteristics of living organisms by precisely manipulating their genes. Genetic modification is possible because all living organisms use the same molecule - DNA - to store coded genetic instructions to regulate the cell. Genes, which contain the "recipe" for making
Genetic Modification
Genetic Modification Introduction I am going to begin with explaining what genetic material is and where it is found. I will explain the scientific facts and moral issues associated with Genetically Modificated foods and DNA. The Collins English Dictionary Definition of Genetic is 'the scientific study of hereditary of individuals, esp. of inherited characteristics; the study of physiology of reproduction and the art of breeding'. The genetic material is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). It is usually found in every cell, from microorganisms that have only one cell, to plants and animals that have many cells, where the cells make up tissues and organs. The cell and its constituents can be seen only with the help of increasingly powerful microscopes (see picture, right). Inside a cell from a plant or animal, the genetic material is enclosed in a spherical compartment, the nucleus. It is packaged into long compact structures called chromosomes. The totality of all the genetic material packaged into chromosomes is the genome. Each species has a different genome. For example, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human genome, one of each pair from each parent. Bacteria have chromosomes, which are not enclosed in a nucleus. The E.coli bacterium, which lives in the gut of mammals and human beings, has only one chromosome in its genome. Each chromosome is really a very long
