What an ester is, how it is made, examples of esters, animal testing issues and ethics.
Using esters in cosmetics Esters are used regularly and are in many of our everyday cosmetic products, drinks, foods etc. The most They provide an artificial smell or flavouring and provide a wide range of smells and tastes (depending on the type of carboxylic acid used). A lot of people would not have heard about esters, thus, they would also not know many important ingredients in the cosmetics they buy. Many products test on animals which many people would find unethical. We were investing at school esters and how to make an ester, also, we looked further into the unknown ingredients we may find in our products and how many people would but things and not know if it was animal tested or not . In this essay I will write about: what an ester is, how it is made (the experiment I carried out to make an ester), examples of esters, animal testing issues and ethics, a questionnaire I carried out to see what people knew about the cosmetics they own, what an emollient is and I will write about a fair test that I can carry out to see if the cosmetics are right about the information they give about their cosmetics- to the general public. (http://www.myhealthguardian.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/cosmetics-070126-1-full.jpg ) So what are cosmetics? The US Food and Drug Administration believe that cosmetics are "articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on,
Experiment to investigate the heat of combustion of alcohols.
Chemistry AT1 - Experiment to investigate the heat of combustion of alcohols. Introduction. The heat of combustion of alcohols is the change in kJ/mol when 1 mole of the alcohol is burnt in excess oxygen (O2). I will be investigating 6 alcohols, using predictions and a practical to guide me through this experiment and form an overall conclusion. Using formulas and calculations, I can show how much energy is released from these substances, and work out their heat of combustion. From the homologous series of alcohols using the general formula of CnH2n+1OH, I have chosen 6 alcohols, giving the Mr for calculation purposes later on: Mr * Methanol - CH3OH 32 * Ethanol - C2H5OH 46 * Propanol - C3H7OH 60 * Butanol - C4H9OH 74 * Pentanol - C5H11OH 88 * Hexanol - C6H13OH 102 The reactants will produce the products of carbon dioxide and water (CO2): Alcohol + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water I.E: C2 H5 OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O Apparatus List/Safety Precautions. * Tin can - For holding the water * 200 cm3 water - being heated by burning the alcohol. * Thermometer - measuring temperature accurately. * Heat-Proof Mat - keeping heat loss to minimum and safety against fires. * Spirit Burners - hold the alcohol that is going to be burnt. * Clamp Stand - hold the tin can in place. * Measuring Cylinders - Measure the amount of water accurately. *
Chemistry - Reactivity Serires report
Name: Daniel Shih Form: 5D Teacher: Dr. Aravind School: Kiangsu-Chekiang College International Section Date: 12th January 2007 Index I Introduction Planning - Aims, Variables, Fair Test, Prediction, Hypothesis Planning - Apparatus, Procedure, Measurement, Safety rules Obtaining - Observation, Results Observation Analyse - Table 1 and Table 2 Analyse - Table 3 and Table 4 Analyse - Table 5 Evaluation, Conclusion Resources Introduction: What is the reactivity of metal? The reactivity of metal was the rate of metal which it would be reacting with each others. The higher the reactivity was, they could have replaced the more other kind of metal in the metal solutions. The metal who has the highest reactivity now is Potassium (K). What is metal? Metal is elements, there were more than 50 kinds of metals scientists have discovered today. The metal have different reactivity rate. Just like the Food Chain, higher reactivity metal can replace the lower reactivity metal when the reactions have occurs. How the reactions can occurs? The reaction occurs when a metal have replaced the other kind of metal in a solution, as example, When Magnesium have be drop into a Iron Sulphate solution, reaction occurs. Magnesium will take over irons placed, and formed Magnesium Sulphate solution, and left with Iron crystal. The Word equation will be: Magnesium + Iron Sulphate
Growing Alum Crystals
Abstract The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect temperature on the alum crystal growth by altering the dependant variables ranging from an incubator, a freezer and a cupboard in room temperature for ten days. It was hypothesized that the crystal in the incubator would grow the biggest because the solvent will evaporate faster resulting in the crystals to grow faster. After the experiment was conducted, it was concluded that the crystal in the cupboard grew and weighed the largest. There are certain explanations as to why the crystal in the incubator should have grown the largest and other reasons why the experiment wasn't conducted successfully; mainly because the crystals were exposed to the allocated environment for a very short period of time. Introduction The chemical formula for potassium alum is KAl(SO4)2.12H20 signifying that the reaction is composed of potassium, aluminium, sulphate and water (Barthelmy D, 2005). Potassium alum is the most important and most used alum. It is colourless, has a density of 1.76, a transparent diaphaneity, non fluorescent, vitreous and usually forms a large octahedral formation. Potassium alum has a pH of between 2.3 to 2.8 which makes it an acidic (Microsoft Student, 2007) Alum is a cost efficient coagulant used in the treatment of water and wastewater treatment for domestic and industrial purposes. It can remove
Burning Fuels Coursework
0/10/06 Chemistry Coursework In my chemistry coursework I will be investigating the amount of thermal energy different fuels will provide when burnt. My project brief is to "Examine alternative fuels for a power station that has until recently burnt coal. The fuel that gives the best value for money ratio will be the next one used in the power station." The costs of the fuels are: Fuel Cost in £ per kg. Methanol 5.10 Ethanol 7.20 Propan-1-ol 7.10 Butan-1-ol 6.20 Pentan-1-ol 16.90 Bond Energy Calculations The bond energy of a molecule is the energy released after it has reached the 'barrier' - the input energy needed for the bonds to break. Different bonds release different amounts of energy. The bond energy of all the fuels listed above needs to be calculated so that I can work out how much heat energy each fuel should theoretically produce when burnt, and then apply it to a formula to work out how cost effective that particular fuel is. Working out KJ/£ Methanol 6.81 KJ/g £5.10 per kg =0.00510 per gram 6.81 0.00510 = 3,296.08 KJ/£ Ethanol 22.51 KJ/g £7.20 per kg =0.00720 per gram 22.51 0.00720 = 3,126.39 KJ/£ Propan-1-ol 25.57 KJ/g £7.10 per kg =0.00710 per gram 25.57 0.00710 = 3601.41 KJ/£ Butan-1-ol 27.10 KJ/g £6.20 per kg =0.00620 per gram 27.10 0.00620 = 4,370.97 KJ/£ From my KJ/£ equations the
Investigating the rate of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid
I have done some preliminary work to investigate the best way of investigating the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. Magnesium + hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen Preliminary work 1 The first method I used is shown in the diagram above, which shows the way the apparatus is set out. This experiment measures how long it takes for the magnesium and hydrochloric acid to react to form magnesium chloride+ hydrogen. The magnesium and hydrocloric acid in the test tube react to make hydrogen,which travels through the delivery tube and into the measuring cylinder and measures how much hydrogen is collected as the hydrogen forces the water out of the measuring cylinder. This can be used to measure the rate of the reaction and I am trying to collect 50cm3 of hydrogen. In this experiment I have used three different types of magnesium (a strip of magnesium, a strip of magnesium cut up into three pieces and magnesium turnings) all weighing at 0.05g, also I have used 25cm3 of hydrochloric acid. The equipment I have used is a stop clock, bowl of water, measuring cylinder, bung, delivery tube and a test tube. Here are the results:- Size of magnesium (0.05g) Time taken to collect 50cm3 (seconds) Stip of magnesuim 358 Magnesium cut up into three pieces 314 As you can see, as the pieces of magnesium gets smaller, the faster the rate of reaction
Alcohols Coursework
GCSE Chemistry - Alcohols Coursework Planning This investigation involves burning alcohol in the air. Key science- Chemistry by Eileen Ramsden says that " an alcohol is a series of organic, homologous compounds, with the general formula Cn H2n+1OH". The alcohol reacts with the oxygen in the air to form the products water and carbon dioxide: Cn H2n+1OH +(n+n/2)-1O2 ? nH2O + nCO2 The structure of the molecules in this reaction is: H H | | H - C - C - O- H + 3[O=O] ? 1/2[O=C=O] + 3[H-O-H] | | H H This reaction is exothermic, as heat is given out. This is because the amount reactant energy is more than the product energy the difference between this is ?H, therefore some energy has been given out in the form of heat.The energy is given out when forming the bonds between the new water and carbon dioxide molecules. This can be shown in an energy level diagram: Reaction co-ordinate ?H is the heat content, which is the enthalpy, which is negative in exothermic reactions as the diagram shows that energy is 'lost' as heat. Enthalpy is defined as the energy of reaction, or the heat energy associated with a chemical change. Chemical Principles By Master & Slowinski says that "For any reaction carried out directly at a constant pressure, the heat flow is exactly equal to the difference between enthalpy of products and that of the reactants", or: Qp = Hp - Hr = ?H Where Qp is the
Chemistry SCIEP
S.C.I.E.P. My aim is to discover and investigate the relationship between the reactants and the rate of the chemical reaction. Basically i will work out what affects the rate of reaction and why. The reactants are marble chips and hydrochloric acid. We can carry out this investigation in several ways; first we can use a gas syringe connected to a test tube via a rubber tube, containing the reactants. This is shown in method 1. We can also displace the carbon dioxide into a tray filled with water which is then trapped in an upside down tube. See method 2. Method 1 _____________________________________ Method 2 Factors The rate of reaction between the marble chips and hydrochloric acid is affected by a number of variants such as temperature, concentration surface area and changing the quantity and air pressure. To make this a reliable experiment the factors that could affect the experiment will be controlled and measured. A thermometer will be used to so we can adjust the temperature accordingly. We cannot easily control the size of the individual marble chips but we decided to use small marbles chips of similar size, instead of medium or large. We will also restrict the weight of the marble chips to 2 grams to be as accurate as possible. The concentration of the acid will always have a margin of difference because this is what we are investigating but we will
Should food additives be banned
Should food additives be banned? Contents: s Introduction Page 1 Why use additives? Page 2 Benefits and risks of food additives Page3 E-numbers and why are they used? Page 4 Different types of food additives Page 5 The two main food colourings? Page 6 Health risks of food colourings Page 6 Case Study; No more blue smarties! Page 7 For and against for food additives Page 7 Hyperactivity in children Page 8 Conclusion Page 9 Bibliography Page 9 Why use additives? People use additives in food to make the food look more attractive and colourful also to make customers' buy the food. Additives are used so the foods have a high quality. Many people enjoy making cakes, breads and ice-creams at home, however most of today's food is bought from shops and supermarkets. In some products, they are so essential that additives are used even in certain organic foods. Many foods can be made at home without the addition of gelling agents.Thickners or stabilizers. Food cooked often produced in small
Hydrocarbons and the importance of oil as a power source.
Importance of OIL BY: Shivaans Doshii Grade: 9.1 Chemistry Essay PART 1 Fossil fuels are a source of energy that comes from once-living things. When living things die, they are broken down and covered by dust, soil or sand. As they are covered over by once-living things and by more layers of soil, sand and rock, they get buried deeper and deeper below Earth's surface. These layering of once-living things, sand and soil are eventually subjected to very high pressure and to very high temperature. When the pressure is great enough, the sand and soil change into rock. And at just the right temperature, the once-living things change into liquid called oil and a gas called natural gas. This oil and gas are found in porous rocks. Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. The fractions at the top of the fractionating column have lower boiling points than the fractions at the bottom. The heavy bottom fractions are often cracked into lighter, more useful products. All the fractions are then processed further. The fractions at the top have a lower boiling point. The fractions at the bottom have a higher boiling point Some fractions from the distillation tower need to be transformed into new components. This is where a refinery
