Outline how the main pollutants are formed in vehicle engines and the environmental problems they cause. Explain why different types of vehicle engines produce different exhaust emissions
Skills for Chemistry: Open-book Paper 2007 Outline how the main pollutants are formed in vehicle engines and the environmental problems they cause. Explain why different types of vehicle engines produce different exhaust emissions. Nitrogen Oxide (NOx gasess) is formed when fuels are burnt. Traffic and cars are the biggest emitters of NOx in the United Kingdom. NOx is formed when air is heated above 800°C, where nitrogen and oxygen react. These temperatures are reached in lightening or in combustion processes. (i) At these high temperatures the oxygen will divide homolytically to make two separate radicals: O2 --> O + O Each radical then reacts in a catalytic cycle involving a nitrogen molecule and an oxygen molecule, which then forms nitrogen monoxide and oxygen radical: O + N2 --> NO + O N + O2 --> NO +O As the nitrogen monoxide cools it reacts with the oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide: 2NO + O2 --> 2NO2 NOx can also be formed when impure nitrogen compounds are burnt. (ii) A range of nitrogen oxides (NOx), such as nitrous oxide and nitrogen dioxide, which will form nitric acid or nitrous acid that will contribute to acid rain. NOx is formed by reaction of nitrogen and oxygen in the air so is pretty much unavoidable. It can be reduced by decreasing the time that combustion occurs for and this is why airplane jet engines have become shorter in length over the
Find out the heat of combustion in the five fuels; Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol, Pentanol, All of these alcohols are apart of the Hydrocarbon chain.
Investigating Fuels. Aim; To find out the heat of combustion in the five fuels; Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol, Pentanol, All of these alcohols are apart of the Hydrocarbon chain. Apparatus; I will need the following to carry out my investigation for the Experiment; Top pan balance - To measure the weight of the fuel. Clamp Stand - To hold the boiling tube above the crucible. Boiling tube - To hold 30 cubic centimetres of water in. Heat proof mat - So the Bunsen burner doesn't burn the table. Bunsen burner - I need the flame to light the taper. Measuring cylinder - To measure 30cc of water in. Mineral wool - So the taper can light the fuel easier. A stop clock - To time how long the fuel will burn. Taper - To light the fuel by using the flame from the Bunsen burner. Ruler - To measure the distance from the crucible to the boiling tube. Crucible - To carry the mineral wool and fuel in it. Diagram; Plan; First of all, I will set the clamp stand 3.5cm vertically higher then the crucible which then I put some mineral wool in and 30 drops of the fuel in. After that I am going to weigh the crucible making sure there is no other liquid or any other substances on the weigher, so I don't do not get any anomalous results. After I have recorded the weight I am going to place the crucible directly under the boiling tube, like shown in the diagram, and then I
"Could Sainsbury's add value to their business by using an alternative fuel for their HGV fleet?"
Contents Page No. 1. Executive Summary.......................................................................................2 .1 Topic Description .2 Title Question .3 Objectives .4 Recommendation 2. Research Agenda and Assumptions Made........................................................3 2.1 Agenda 2.2 Assumptions 3. Sainsbury's current fuel source and the associated costs..................................4 3.1 Overview of current situation 3.2 Economic costs of using diesel 3.3 Environmental and social costs of using diesel 4. Alternative fuel sources available to Sainsbury's...............................................5 4.1 LPG 4.2 Biodiesel 4.3 Electric Vehicles 4.4 Fuel Cells 5. Why Natural Gas?..........................................................................................7 5.1 Future availability 5.2 Non-financial and financial benefits 5.3 Technical options available 5.4 Government support and incentives 6. Investment Appraisal.....................................................................................9 6.1 Net Present Value 6.2 Payback 6.3 Conclusion 7. Consumer Perception & Brand Image.............................................................11 7.1 Overview 7.2 What proportion of the population is concerned with environmental issues 7.3 Implications for Sainsbury's 7.4 Positive spill over effects 7.5
To investigate the amount of heat released in the burning of fuels: ethanol (C2H5OH), propanol (C3H7OH) and butanol (C4H9OH).
Plan ------------------------------------------------AIM---------------------------------------------- To investigate the amount of heat released in the burning of fuels: ethanol (C2H5OH), propanol (C3H7OH) and butanol (C4H9OH). -------------------------------------------BACKGROUND---------------------------------------- ALCOHOLS Ethanol, propanol and butanol are members of a homologous series of compounds known as alcohols. They have a general formula, CnH2n+1OH. They all react similarly and have similar physical properties. MOLECULAR STRUCTURES Ethanol: (C4H9OH) H H H - C - C - O - H H H Propanol: (C3H7OH) H H H H - C - C - C - O - H H H H Butanol: (C4H9OH) H H H H H - C - C - C - C - O - H H H H H Energy is released when the bonds are formed between the new water and carbon dioxide molecules. The amount of energy produced by such exothermic reactions can be calculated by using the mass of the water x rise in temp x SHC (specific heat capacity). The specific heat capacity is the number of joules required to heat one gram of water by 1°C. Water has been chosen because it is safe, readily available, and has a reliable specific heat capacity of 4.2Kj The reaction that is involved in burning alcohols is exothermic because heat is given out.
Comparing the enthalpy changes of combustion of different alcohol’s
Comparing the enthalpy changes of combustion of different alcohol's PLANNING Apparatus The apparatus I will use during this experiment will be: - Heat Proof mat - Clamp - Retort Stand - Copper can - Measuring cylinder - Thermometer - Alcohol's (Methanol, Ethanol and Propanol) - Water - Bunsen Burner - Safety glasses - Access to balance - Draught Shield Quantities of materials required The only Quantity that I know I will use will be the 50ml of water. Method The Diagram below shows the apparatus set up for burning a liquid fuel. - Put 100cm3 of cold water in a copper can and record its temperature - Support the copper can approximately 2cm over a spirit burner containing the fuel you are going to test. - Arrange a draught system to reduce energy loss. - Weigh the spirit burner - Replace the spirit burner under the copper can and light the wick - Use the thermometer to stir the water al the time it is being heated. Continue heating until the temperature has risen by 15oC - 20oC. Do not let the thermometer touch the bottom of the copper can as this is the hottest part of the can and so the experiment would be unfair. - Extinguish the burner and immediately weigh the fuel burner to note the mass of fuel burned - Keep stirring the water and note the highest temperature reached. - Subtract the starting spirit burner weight from the second to
An Investigation into the Enthalpies of the Combustion of Alcohols.
An Investigation into the Enthalpies of the Combustion of Alcohols Planning My aim for this experiment is to see the energy produced from different alcohols. This investigation involves burning alcohol in the air. 'GCSE Chemistry' by B.Earl and L.D.R Wilford says that "alcohols form, another homologous series, with the general formula Cn H2n+1OH ". The alcohol reacts with the oxygen in the air to form the products water and carbon dioxide. This reaction is exothermic, as heat is given out. This is because the amount reactant energy is more than the product energy the difference between this is ?H, therefore some energy has been given out in the form of heat. The energy is given out when forming the bonds between the new water and carbon dioxide molecules. This can be shown in an energy level diagram: Reaction co-ordinate ?H is the heat content, which is the enthalpy, which is negative in exothermic reactions as the diagram shows that energy is 'lost' as heat. Enthalpy is defined as the energy of reaction, or the heat energy associated with a chemical change. For any reaction carried out directly at a constant pressure, the heat flow is exactly equal to the difference between enthalpy of products and that of the reactants. To measure the heat energy given off, we must use this energy to heat something, this will be water. This is assuming that all the heat produced by
Investigation to compare the energy given out when alcohol's burn
Charlie Cowley Planning an investigation 30/09/02 Investigation to compare the energy given out when alcohol's burn I am investigating how different types of alcohol's effect the amount of energy given off. The types of alcohol used will be; Alcohol Formulae * Methanol CH3 OH * Ethanol C2 H5 OH * Propanol C3 H7 OH * Butanol C4 H9 OH I am going to investigate the amount of energy given out by the creating of bonds by subtracting the amount of energy needed to break the bonds to the amount given out from the creating of bonds. Methanol; C H3 OH + O2 ? CO2 + 2H2O H ? H - C - O -H ? H C - H O - H O = C = O O = O H - H ( 412 ) ( 463 ) ( 743 x 2 ) ( 496 x 1.5 ) ( 463 ) Input : ( 3 x 412 ) + ( 463 ) + ( 360 ) + ( 496 x 1.5 ) = 2803 Output : ( 743 x 2 ) + ( 643 x 4 ) = 3338 Energy out 3338 - 2803 = 535 = 535 kJ Ethanol C2 H5 OH + 2O2 ? 2CO2 + 3H2O H H O = O ? ? O = O 496 x 3 743 x 4 + 463 x 6 H - C - C - O - H O = O ? ? H H C - H
'Enthalpy of Combustion'.
Planning Alcohols are very similar to alkanes and alkenes; they are a family of related compounds - a homologous series. Each member of the series has the O-H group in its molecule. The general formulas for alcohols is Cn H2n+1 OH, where n is the number of carbon atoms. There are six alcohols that I will be using and they are Methanol (CH3OH), Ethanol (CH2H5OH), Propan-1-ol (C3H7OH), Butan-1-ol (C4H9OH), Pentan-1-ol (C5H11OH) and Octan-1-ol (C8H17OH). In this experiment I will be burning a range of alcohol's to heat up a container of water. I will be trying to get reliable results that will tell me how the number of carbon atoms relate to the energy released as heat , otherwise known as the 'Enthalpy of Combustion'. The combustion process is the making and breaking of bonds. In this experiment, the alcohols will have an exothermic reaction because heat is given out. The breaking of bonds is endothermic and the making of bonds is exothermic. In an exothermic reaction the products are at a lower energy level than the reactants, the difference is the heat energy. The energy is given out when forming the bonds between the new water and the carbon dioxide molecules. The complete combustion of an alcohol is when it reacts with oxygen in the air to form water and carbon dioxide. The basic formula for this reaction is Heat Transferred = Mass of Substance (g) x Temperature Change
Chemistry Gold
I am assigned to complete a science piece of coursework on Gold and alloying, to start my assignment I would like to start off with a question, 'What is Gold?' Gold is an element, a precious metal which is usually found in mines like pieces or nuggets and then extracted into a pure metal. I have found out that and going to explain the physical properties of gold. Alloys are a blend of mixture of metals, the alloys as part of gold are referred to as carats, with pure gold as 24 carat gold. Therefore each carat represents approximately 4.17% by weight of gold. For example, a piece of 9 carat jewellery contains 37.5% by weight of gold, pure gold is yellow which makes it alluring. Gold has many features, some of the features are that it is soft, shiny, malleable (to be able to bend, which describes a metal that can be sharped without breaking), ductile (malleable enough to be worked: able to be drawn out into wire or hammered into very thin sheets. The most prominent use of gold is in jewellery (an item of adornment). Its other uses are, currency, computer chips, store of value, sculpture (gold plated items). The Properties of Pure Gold Pure gold which is 24 carat the most expensive because it is the most purest and has the least amount of other metals, and is actually bought for jewellery, the colour is yellow which also makes it charisma, this type of gold is the softest and
The Heat of Combustion of alcohol.
The Heat of Combustion of alcohol Hypothesis When alcohol is burned, the energy that is released can be transferred to the water in a calorimeter. The temperature rise can be used to calculate the amount of energy transferred. The structures of different alcohols are different from each other. They are a family of organic compounds. Alcohols are very flammable substances and burn well in the presence of oxygen, forming carbon dioxide and water vapour, and giving out plenty of energy. Example Ethanol C2H5OH (l) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (g) + heat The different compounds follow a general pattern for the structure of CnH2n+2. The larger structure means the longer the chain and thus a higher the boiling point. This means that more heat is needed in order to break their bonds for those further down the chain of reactions. Aim Investigate which alcohol gives off the most energy when burnt in a spirit lamp. Prediction I predict that the alcohol that will give the most energy when burnt will be pentanol. Out of the five alchols which we will be testing (i.e. Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol and Pentanol), Pentanol has the largest structure. The structure of Pentanol is C5H11OH, which means it has more molecules than the rest. Since it has more molecules, as a result, there are more atoms to burn. The more being burnt means that there is a stronger likely hood
