To see how the concentration of acid, reacting with potassium carbonate, affects the rate of reaction
Aim: To see how the concentration of acid, reacting with potassium carbonate, affects the rate of reaction. Intro: This is the reaction I am using in my coursework: 2HCl + K2CO3 CO2 + 2KCL + H2O In order for substances to react together the particles in the substances must collide with each other and the collision must have enough energy. If there isn't enough energy, no reaction occurs. If there are lots of successful collisions then a lot of CO2 will be produced. The rate of a reaction depends on how many successful collisions there are in a given unit of time. A reaction can be made to go slower or faster by changing the concentration of a reactant. Acid particle Water molecule Potassium carbonate tablet 1 2 In dilute acid, there are not so many acid particles (see diagram 1). This means there is not much chance of acid particles hitting a potassium carbonate particle. In a more concentrated solution of acid, there are more acid particles (see diagram 2). There is now more chance of a successful collision occurring. Concentration is how much of a substance there is in a certain volume and is measured in Moles per litre of solution (M). The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute, in grams or Moles that is dissolved in a litre of solution. That is what my coursework is mainly about. I predict that on my
An Investigation to find the Water Potential of Plant Tissue
An Investigation to find the Water Potential of Plant Tissue Benjamin Doughty Aim: To find the water potential of plant tissue by investigating the effects of varying concentrations of sugar solutions on the amount of osmotic activity between the solution and potato cylinders. Hypothesis: Osmosis is defined as the net movement of water from regions of high water potential to regions of low water potential. This movement must take place across a partially permeable membrane such as a cell wall, which lets smaller molecules such as water through but does not allow bigger molecules to pass through. The molecules will continue to diffuse until the area in which the molecules are found reaches a state of equilibrium, meaning that the molecules are randomly distributed throughout an object, with no area having a higher or lower concentration than any other. Prediction: Pure Water has the highest water potential (zero). For this particular investigation I think that the lower the concentration of the sugar solution in the test tube the larger the mass of the potato will be. This is because the water molecules pass from an area of high sugar concentration, i.e. in the water itself, to an area of low concentration, i.e. in the potato chip. Therefore, the chips in higher water concentrations will have a larger mass than in higher sugar concentrations. Plant cells always have a
Effects of Surface Area on Catalase Activity in Potato.
Effects of Surface Area on Catalase Activity in Potato Aim To investigate the effect of surface area on the activity of Catalase in potato. Hypothesis I predict that the potato which has been cut into more pieces will have the largest surface area. A larger surface area means that there will be more catalase molecules coming in contact with the reacting substrate, hydrogen peroxide. Enzymes react when particles come into contact with their active sites; if more of the enzyme is exposed (larger surface area) a greater number of active sites will be available to react with the hydrogen peroxide. The surface area of a 5cm tube with a diameter of 2cm equals 37.0 cms² ( 2 rh+2 r² ), but a 5 cm tube cut into five 1cm segments has a surface area of 62.83 cms². Every time another segment is cut from the 5cm tube two more areas have to taken into account, this means each time the 5cm tube is cut into a piece the surface area will increase. As a larger surface area produces a higher rate of reaction, my results should show a higher volume of gas released when using a potato with a larger surface area. Background Knowledge Enzymes are proteins which can be referred to as biological catalysts. Catalysts are molecules which increase the rate of chemical reactions and remain unchanged at the end of the reaction. Enzymes are made up of a chain of amino acids which are
Chemistry - Reactivity Serires report
Name: Daniel Shih Form: 5D Teacher: Dr. Aravind School: Kiangsu-Chekiang College International Section Date: 12th January 2007 Index I Introduction Planning - Aims, Variables, Fair Test, Prediction, Hypothesis Planning - Apparatus, Procedure, Measurement, Safety rules Obtaining - Observation, Results Observation Analyse - Table 1 and Table 2 Analyse - Table 3 and Table 4 Analyse - Table 5 Evaluation, Conclusion Resources Introduction: What is the reactivity of metal? The reactivity of metal was the rate of metal which it would be reacting with each others. The higher the reactivity was, they could have replaced the more other kind of metal in the metal solutions. The metal who has the highest reactivity now is Potassium (K). What is metal? Metal is elements, there were more than 50 kinds of metals scientists have discovered today. The metal have different reactivity rate. Just like the Food Chain, higher reactivity metal can replace the lower reactivity metal when the reactions have occurs. How the reactions can occurs? The reaction occurs when a metal have replaced the other kind of metal in a solution, as example, When Magnesium have be drop into a Iron Sulphate solution, reaction occurs. Magnesium will take over irons placed, and formed Magnesium Sulphate solution, and left with Iron crystal. The Word equation will be: Magnesium + Iron Sulphate
Our solar systemconsists of an average star we call the Sun, the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth,Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. It includes: the satellitesof the planets; numerous comets, asteroids, and meteoroids; and the interpla...
Our solar system consists of an average star we call the Sun, the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. It includes: the satellites of the planets; numerous comets, asteroids, and meteoroids; and the interplanetary medium. The Sun is the richest source of electromagnetic energy (mostly in the form of heat and light) in the solar system. The Sun's nearest known stellar neighbour is a red dwarf star called Proxima Centauri, at a distance of 4.3 light years away. The whole solar system, together with the local stars visible on a clear night, orbits the centre of our home galaxy, a spiral disk of 200 billion stars we call the Milky Way. The Milky Way has two small galaxies orbiting it nearby, which are visible from the southern hemisphere. They are called the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud. The nearest large galaxy is the Andromeda Galaxy. It is a spiral galaxy like the Milky Way but is 4 times as massive and is 2 million light years away. Our galaxy, one of billions of galaxies known, is travelling through intergalactic space. The planets, most of the satellites of the planets and the asteroids revolve around the Sun in the same direction, in nearly circular orbits. When looking down from above the Sun's North Pole, the planets orbit in a counter-clockwise direction. The planets orbit the Sun in or near the
The Effect of pH on Catalase
The Effect of pH on Catalase Hypothesis: The rate at which catalase catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide increases to an optimum pH and then decreases as the optimum pH is exceeded. Biological knowledge: Hydrogen peroxide is produced in plant and animal cells as a by-product, which is toxic, resulting in the need of catalase to speed up the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. All microbodies contain catalase and it is the fastest known enzyme with a turnover number of 6 million. It is especially abundant in plant storage organs and in liver. It is effective over the pH range of 4.0 to 9.0 with the optimum pH of 7.6. 2H2O2(aq) catalase 2H2O(l) + O2(g) As an enzyme, its rate is affected by various factors, including pH. Changes in pH alter the ionic charge of acidic and basic groups of the enzyme. This therefore distorts the shape of the enzyme, including its active site, where substrates temporarily bind. The efficiency of forming enzyme-substrate complexes is consequently lowered and the rate of activity decreases. However, the enzyme can regain its most proficient shape, if it is not exposed to too extreme pHs, to return to its maximum rate of activity when placed back at the optimum pH. Plan: The volume of oxygen produced during the catalysed break down of hydrogen peroxide can be measured in a graduated gas syringe
Temp labreport
How Temperature of HCL Effect Rate Of Hydrogen Produced Aim:- To determine how temperature affects the rate at which the reaction between Magnesium ribbon (Mg) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl) takes place. Introduction:- The rate of reaction can be affected by a number of factors: temperature, concentration, adding a catalyst and surface area. The one that I am going to be investigating and explaining about is temperature. Changes in temperature change the kinetic energy of the particles and hence the numbers of successful collisions with enough energy to break existing bonds and make products. For a reaction to take place, molecules must collide with each other. When they do so, they must possess enough energy to break the intermolecular bonds and hence, cause a reaction. The two theories that affect temperature and the rate of reaction are the kinetic theory and the collision theory. The kinetic theory clearly states that the positioning and movement of particles in a substance increases if the temperature increases. Therefore, increasing the temperature increases the energy between the particles and makes them move around a lot more and collide more often. Hypothesis: - The rate of reaction has a positive relationship with the temperature of the Hydrochloric Acid. Apparatus:- ) Test tube 2) Rubber tube (a.k.a. delivery tube) 3) Measuring cylinder X2 [1-10ml, 1-100
Ionization energies
INTRODUCTION: The ionization energy of an atom measures how strongly an atom holds its electrons.The ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the ground state of the remote gaseous atom The first ionization energy, I1, is the energy needed to remove the first electron from the atom: i.e. the most loosely held electron! Na(g) -> Na+(g) + 1e- The second ionization energy, I2, is the energy needed to remove the next (i.e. the second) electron from the atom Na+(g) -> Na2+(g) + 1e- The higher the value of the ionization energy, the more difficult it is to remove the electron As electrons are removed, the positive charge from the nucleus remains unchanged, however, there is less repulsion between the remaining electrons INVESTIGATION: Periodic trends in ionization energies First ionization energies as a function of atomic number * 1.Within each period (row) the ionization energy typically increases with atomic number * 2.Within each group (column) the ionization energy typically decreases with increasing atomic number HYPOTHESIS: * Investigation 1: As the effective charge increases, or as the distance of the electron from the nucleus decreases, the greater the attraction between the nucleus and the electron. The effective charge increases across a period, in addition, the atomic radius decreases * Investigation 2: As we move
The electrolysis of Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4)
Electrolysis I. The electrolysis of Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4) Data Collection The side of anode and cathode The color before electrolysis The changes during electrolysis Anode Colorless The color stays the same and there is bubble. Cathode Colorless The carbon produces purple color and there is bubble. Data analysis & Conclusion From the experiment, after the electrolysis of Na2SO4, the color of cathode side becomes purple and there is bubble. The same thing happens in the other side, which is anode, bubble is also formed. Reduction happens in cathode, whereas oxidation happens in anode. In cathode, hydrogen (H2) is formed and in anode, Oxygen (O2) is formed. The reaction is in the following: Cathode --> 2H2O + 2e- --> 2OH- + H2 Anode --> 2H2O --> 4H+ + O2 + 4e- In cathode, the product the reduction is OH-, which is base becomes purple after being added by phenolphthalein and in anode, the product of oxidation is H+ is acid. If acid is added by phenolphthalein, the solution will stay the same, which is colorless. In both sides, cathode and anode, there is bubble, which is produced by hydrogen. In conclusion, II. The electrolysis of Potassium Iodide (KI) Data collection The side of anode and cathode The changes during electrolysis The changes after adding phenolphthalein The changes after adding starch Anode The
An investigation into the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis of Canadian pondweed (Elodea canadensis)
An investigation into the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis of Canadian pondweed (Elodea canadensis) Planning Scientific knowledge and understanding All green plants need to be able to make their own food. They do this by a process called photosynthesis, which means, "making things with light." Photosynthesis is a series of organic chemical reactions by which green plants produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. It occurs only in the presence of light, and takes place in the chloroplasts of green plant cells. Land plants get carbon dioxide from the air. Water plants get carbon dioxide from water (carbon dioxide in the air dissolved into water). Photosynthesis creates oxygen and sugar. Oxygen is released into the air and used by all animals, including humans, in order to respire. Sugar is used by the plant to respire or store them inside their body. The overall chemical equation for photosynthesis can be expressed as: Plants convert the light energy into stored chemical energy. Photosynthesis is possible because green plants contain an energy-capturing substance called chlorophyll. The plant gets its green colour because chlorophyll is green. Light energy drives photosynthesis. The chlorophyll captures the light energy and uses it to build carbohydrates from simple raw materials (water, carbon dioxide and minerals). The raw
