Investigating the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis
Investigating the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis Contents Page Abstract:............................................................................... Aim:.................................................................................... Introduction:.......................................................................... Light dependent reactions in photosynthesis- Cyclic photophosphorylation............................ Non-cyclic photophosphorylation...................... Light independent reactions of photosynthesis................. Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis..................... Limiting factors..................................................... Prediction:.............................................................................. Preliminary experiment: Method............................................................... Results ............................................................... Evaluation............................................................ Apparatus:.............................................................................. Method:................................................................................. Diagram:...............................................................................
THE EFFECT OF BILE SALT ON THE ACTION OF THE ENZYME LIPASE
BIOLOGY A2 LEVEL COURSWORK: THE EFFECT OF BILE SALT ON THE ACTION OF THE ENZYME LIPASE NADA ISSA A2 COURSEWOEK Aim The aim of this investigation is to investigate the affect of bile salts on the action of the enzyme lipase Bile salts: Bile salts are secreted from the liver in the gall bladder, and then passed through the bile duct into the small intestine when food is passing through; they are involved in the emulsification of fats in the intestine, helping in the digestion and absorption of lipids. They also carry waste products to be excreted such as bile pigments. These derive from the breakdown of red blood cells. Bile salts are made up of a bile acid and an associated cation, which are usually amino acids. Bile salts are made up of two parts these are hydrophobic and hydrophilic components. Figure one: The above figure portrays the structure of bile acids. The hydrophobic part of the molecule associates with particles of dietary fat which causes the fat globules to break down into microscopic droplets; this increases the surface area of the fats for digestion by lipases. While the hydrophilic part associates with water which in turn emulsifies the insoluble fat, which is then absorbed through the intestinal wall. The figure illustrated below shows the action of bile salts in emulsifying fats in the intestine. Figure one: The bile acids are made from
Absorption Spectrum of Chlorophyll.
Absorption Spectrum of Chlorophyll Group R1 Indradeo Hemraj Craig Rineer Sushmitha Kurapati Mariza Clement BE 210 Spring 1997 The absorption spectra of chlorophyll from spinach leaves and okra pods were determined along with the relative amounts of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in each of the two plants. The chlorophyll was extracted using 100% acetone and the absorption spectrum was determined over a range of 400-700 nm using a Spectronic 20D spectrophotometer. The relative amounts of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were determined using equations from the literature based on the absorbance data. Plots of absorbance versus wavelength were generated and the location of the peaks determined the wavelengths at which the chlorophyll extracts maximally absorbed. The chlorophyll extracts from both spinach and okra had two absorbance peaks. The mean absorbance maxima for spinach were (430 ? 3) nm and (662 ? 3) nm while those of okra were (430 ? 4) nm and (664 ? 4) nm. Normalization of the spectra from the spinach and okra extracts did not show the spectra of the two plants to be statistically different. Use of the literature equations gave chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b ratios of 1.49 ? 0.18 for spinach and 1.67 ? 0.45 for okra, and a t-test at the 95% confidence level did not prove the two ratios statistically different. The ratio for
Osmosis Investigation
Osmosis Investigation To understand my task, I will first understand the concept of osmosis. Osmosis is the process of water movement from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration across a semi permeable membrane, which is simply a thin membrane allowing the passage of small molecules. Ex: water molecules. The solutions of high concentration and low concentration are generally referred to as hypertonic and hypotonic solutions respectively. Hypertonic solutions have less water molecules and thus are said to have lower water potential than hypotonic solutions; in hypertonic solutions, solute molecules (ex: sugar, salts) are dissolved and when this occurs, some water molecules form a cluster around them. Thus, there are less free moving water molecules. Therefore, water potential is simply the measure of whether the solution is likely to gain or lose water; it is also the pressure exerted by the freely moving water molecules. It is measured in kilopascals. (kPa) Therefore, osmosis may also be defined as the water movement from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential across a semi permeable membrane. Osmosis is a very important biological process as it involves the transfer of water in and out of cells. Animal and plant cells both have the presence of the jelly-like substance known as the cytoplasm, made up of about 90
An experiment to investigate the rate of anaerobic respiration of yeast in various respiratory substrates
Practical Method Title "An experiment to investigate the rate of anaerobic respiration of yeast in various respiratory substrates." In this experiment, the independent variable is various different respiratory substrates being used (glucose, sucrose, maltose, lactose) and the dependent variable is the rate of respiration (measured by movement of manometer fluid which moves in relation to the amount of carbon dioxide released). Apparatus Yeast Glucose Sucrose Maltose Lactose pH7 buffer Top pan balance Stopwatch Thermometer Manometer fluid Capillary tube 20ml & 1ml syringe 00ml beakers Distilled water Water trough Kettle Stirring rod Stopwatch Spatula Background information My investigation will involve analysing how yeast respires in various different substrates: Glucose, Lactose, Maltose and Sucrose. All four of these respiratory substrates are carbohydrates. Glucose Glucose is a monosaccharide sugar, which is a 'simple sugar' that have between 3 and 10 carbon atoms per molecule. They are sweet and all soluble in H2O. It has the chemical composition C6H12O6. Glucose is a white crystalline solid but is less sweet then ordinary table sugar. Powdered dry glucose exists mainly in straight chain form. However, when glucose molecules are dissolved in water, two different ring structures are formed. See picture. Fig 1 These ring structures are more
"The Crumbling Taj".
INTRODUCTION Why should this coursework be entitled "The Crumbling Taj"? The Taj Mahal is a famous beautiful building found near Delhi in India. It is made of marble, which is a polymorphic form of calcium carbonate. Unfortunately it is slowly being damaged by acidic rain. This occurs in two forms: * Natural carbonic acid formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water. * Acid rain made of a mixture of sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid. These acids are formed from pollution from the burning of fossil fuels and from the discharged exhaust from road transport. Although hydrochloric acid is not one of these mentioned, it is convenient to use in this experiment, as it is available in our laboratory. The active ion, H3O+ in all acids is present in hydrochloric acid just as much as it is present in all the other acids mentioned. AIM The aim of my investigation is to design and carry out a series of experiments to discover how the speed of chemical reaction between calcium carbonate (marble) and acid can be altered. I will be looking at the following equation: CaCO3 + 2HCl --> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 Calcium Carbonate (marble) + Hydrochloric Acid --> CalciumChloride + Water + Carbon Dioxide The aim for my investigation is to also find out the best conditions at which the reaction rate will be at its fastest. These conditions are factors that can normally
Use scientific knowledge and practical skills to determine the effect of a range of salt solutions (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0M plus distilled water) on living cells (potato).
Gcse biology osmosis Aims of the investigation: to use scientific knowledge and practical skills to determine the effect of a range of salt solutions (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0M plus distilled water) on living cells (potato). What factors might affect it? Length - of membrane, Temperature - of water, Concentration - of solution The factor I will change will be. The Independent variable (things you change), the thing that I will be changing in this investigation into the factors affecting osmosis, is the concentrations of the solution that helps me to investigate osmosis with potato tissues. The different sugar concentrations will be changed to see the result of the potatoes when placed in sugar solutions placed in different molarities (strengths). Planning My aim for this experiment is to see the results of potato tissue's mass difference, when placed in different concentrations of sugar solutions. Variables involved: For this experiment I would expect to have 3 different variables, Independent, Dependent, and fixed variables, which all helps me to plan and explain the experiment thoroughly. The Independent variable (things you change), the thing that I will be changing in this investigation into the factors affecting osmosis, is the concentrations of the solution that helps me to investigate osmosis with potato tissues. The different sugar concentrations will be
Biology Revision notes - Human Biology
Blood Pressure * Each time your heart contracts, it pumps blood into out arteries. * The blood needs to be under pressure so that it reaches all the parts of the body. A pulse - this is the recoiling of the arteries. Arteries are elasticised so that when blood is pumped, they expand and then contract. * The fitter you are, the lower your heart rate is because your heart is more efficient. * Pressure is created due to the blood pressing against the arteries and this is known as blood pressure. Blood pressure appears as a fraction and is measures in mmHg: Systolic: the heart contracts and pumps - The highest pressure on the arteries. Diastolic: the heart is relaxes and doesn't pump - The lowest pressure on the arteries. (mmHg - millimetres/mercury) Blood pressure is affected by: * Weight - being overweight increases the risk of high blood pressure * Exercise - strengthens heart muscles and keeps the heart fit * Diet - avoid salty and fatty foods * Temperature * Alcohol * Stress * Smoking - narrows blood vessels * Inheritance * Age - blood pressure increases with age * Underlying diseases High Blood Pressure Can cause: * An artery to burst * A stroke * A heart attack * Death High blood pressure means that the blood is pushing too hard against the artery walls. This damages the artery lining and allows fat and calcium to build up and form a plaque.
Investigation To Find The Effect Of Temperature On The Rate Of Photosynthesis Of Elodea.
Investigation To Find The Effect Of Temperature On The Rate Of Photosynthesis Of Elodea Hypothesis I believe that as the temperature rises, the rate of photosynthesis will also increase. That is until the plant reaches its optimum temperature and then the rate of photosynthesis will decrease. Photosynthesis is the process necessary for plants as this is how they obtain their food. The formula for this process is- 6CO2 + 6H2O ?6H1206 + 602. The rate of photosynthesis are affected by these factors: concentration of carbon dioxide, light intensity and temperature.If one of these factors increase, the rate of photosynthesis will increase but only to a certain point. The rate of photosynthesis could still increase but not because of an increase in that same factor. Another factor has to increase for the rate to increase. The factor that restricts the other two factors from increasing the rate of photosynthesis is called the limiting factor. For glucose to be made in photosynthesis, water is split into hydrogen and oxygen molecules by the energy absorbed from the sun. The hydrogen then has to combine with the carbon dioxide to produce glucose. If this was left on its own, the hydrogen would eventually combine with the carbon dioxide but it would take a long time. That is why a catalyst is needed to quicken the process. Enzymes are the catalyst used for the anabolic reaction.
The Effect of Catalase in the Breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide
The Effect of Catalase in the Breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide Aim: to give a detailed explanation on enzyme/ catalysts and an experiment to further illustrate my given hypothesis. To explain the effect of catalase as hydrogen peroxide decomposes. In addition; I must investigate Hypothesis: When catalase is the addition to an experiment, the reaction (depending on the volume of the concentration) would be a fast one. If this catalase is reacted with hydrogen peroxide, it would provide energy to produce oxygen and water. By measuring the level of the speed of the reaction, one can determine the volume of oxygen produced. The higher the oxygen amount; the faster the reaction had occurred. As the concentration is decreased, it means that the rate of the reaction would decrease. For this, I predict the higher the amount of catalase concentration added to the solution, against the substrate, the faster the rate of reaction. I also predict; as more catalase is added, more collisions occur in which more enzymes have available active sites. This is for the same reason that the higher the concentration; the quicker the rate of reaction. On the other hand; less concentration can slow down a reaction. This is due to fewer enzymes available for a reaction. In addition; I hypothesis: when more active sites are present, more hydrogen peroxide particles can bind specifically to them.
