Marble Chips and Hydrochloric Acid.
Marble Chips and Hydrochloric Acid PLANNING AIM To find if changing the concentration of an acid will increase or decrease the rate of the reaction when marble is dissolved in hydrochloric acid. With the equation CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 +H2O + CO2 HYPOTHESES A reaction occurs when particles collide. This process is based on random particle movement. So therefore, the more particles you have in a space, the more likely they are to collide. Therefore making the reaction accelerate. This theory can be proved if you compare the rates of reaction with marble in hydrochloric acid. 'If the acid is of a higher concentration, the reaction will be quicker.' Also if the particles have more energy, they will be travelling faster, making them collide more frequently. PREDICTION When the concentration of acid increases, more gas will be given off faster. I know this from my trial experiments. METHOD Since I will be working with strong acid, I will wear safety goggles while conducting the experiment. I will use Marble chips all of a small size. I can use a sieve to make sure they are all roughly similar size- about 7mm diameter. The amount of acid I have decided on is 10ml. And so the amount of marble must be in excess - 3g. I can measure the speed of the reaction by how much gas is given off. I can measure this in cm3 in a gas syringe. when the experiment takes place, I will take
An investigation into the effect of a germination inhibitor on the germination of seeds.
GERMINATION INHIBITORS An investigation into the effect of a germination inhibitor on the germination of seeds. INTRODUCTION The necessary conditions For a seed to germinate there are specific conditions different seeds need. In this experiment, cress seeds are to be used. Going through the basics first though, for a seed to successfully germinate there needs to be: o An adequate supply of water o A suitable temperature o An appropriate partial pressure of oxygen o A suitable supply of light Water uptake is a crucial part of the necessary conditions because germination can only commence after the uptake of water by the seed. Water absorption is imbibition. The optimum temperature for germination is the optimum for the enzymes involved in mobilisation of food reserves, provided that other factors are not limiting. This temperature varies from species to species (i.e. 1 - 45°C). Respiration makes available the energy for metabolism and growth. Germinating seeds respire very rapidly, and require oxygen for aerobic respiration. Seeds will not germinate in the total absence of oxygen. Diffusion of oxygen through the testa may be slow, however, and in the early stages of germination seeds may rely on some anaerobic respiration, at least until the testa has ruptured. So this explains why water, oxygen and a suitable temperature are needed for germination, therefore
Science Investigation Into What Affects The Rate That An Aspirin Dissolves At In Water
Science Investigation Into What Affects The Rate That An Aspirin Dissolves At In Water By Owain Bristow 10E3 I am investigating how two different factors will separately affect the rate at which a single aspirin dissolves in water, these are: * Temperature of water. * Surface area of aspirin. I could investigate the effects of stirring/agitating the solution and the use of a possible catalyst. However I feel it would be to hard to do the former accurately and fairly and regarding the latter there is no known catalyst that will speed up the dissolution of an aspirin in water, according to many science sites on the Internet. Concentration of water and aspirin would not affect the dissolution rate as at any time only the water touching the aspirin's outside can cause it to dissolve, this amount is always the same regardless of the amount of water, (providing the surface area remains constant). Temperature Method: ) I will place 50ml of water in a beaker with a thermometer. 2) I will heat the water until it reaches the required temperature. 3) I will remove the beaker from the heat, take out the thermometer and put one aspirin into the water. 4) I will time how long it takes for the cross, drawn underneath the beaker, to disappear, and then record it on a table. I will move up in ten-degree steps between each successive experiment from a range of 30-90ºC. These
How the structure of cells is related to their function.
How the structure of cells is related to their function. All living things are made up of cells, whether its plants, humans or even bacteria. There are two different types of cells one is the prokaryotic and the other is the eukaryotic. The name cell was used by an English man who in 1665 use the first microscope and reported seeing what he described looked like the sleeping chambers in the monasteries that were called cells, in a piece of cork.1 The first of the two types is the Prokaryotic cell, the pro meaning before the nucleus as this cell has no true nucleus.2 Prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a cell wall and a cells membrane, and in some ways this makes them similar to a plant cell which is eukaryotic, but they have no nucleus or organelles inside, but they do have flagella's and cilia on the outside. The flagellum is a long whip like tail attached to the end of the prokaryotic cell which helps with its movement. The cilia are small spiked hairs that help to transport fluid in and out of the cell and for protection against harmful substances. They are also found in abundance in the eukaryotic cells in the human trachea where they collect dirt, they either by moving it down into the stomach or push it back up into to the mouth to spit it out.3 One of the most common prokaryotic cells would be bacteria, they are the smallest cellular organism, and each human being
The purpose of this lab is to identify two different unknown organic compounds, through investigating different chemical properties by various experiments. The chemicals could be alkanes (hexane), alkenes (hex-1-ene) or alcohols (methylpentan-1-ol or hexa
Identification of unknown organic compounds Mohit Parkash Elias Assaf Mr. Nicolas Chemistry B N2A IEGS Introduction; We are provided with three sample bottles each containing 5-10 cm3 of aqueous solutions. Two of the compounds are pure organic substances while one substance is a mixture of the two pure organic compounds. The pure substances provided could possibly be Hexane, Hex-1-ene, Hexan-1-ol or methylpentan-1-ol. Aim; The purpose of this lab is to identify two different unknown organic compounds, through investigating different chemical properties by various experiments. The chemicals could be alkanes (hexane), alkenes (hex-1-ene) or alcohols (methylpentan-1-ol or hexan-1ol). Background; Alkanes, alkenes and alcohols are all organic compounds with different chemical/physical properties. Different chemical properties give different reactions with other substances, and different physical properties are for instance boiling point, melting point and density. By testing for their properties it is possible to determine what an unknown organic compound is. Alkenes are very useful compounds that can be used for fuel and illuminant, for the manufacture of a variety of polymers and as raw material for the manufacture of industrial chemicals such as alcohols etc. Alkanes are very useful compounds that can be used in the production of polymers and fuels. The
In my investigation I am going to look at how concentration affects the rate of reaction, and the reaction I am going to look at is Sodium Thiosulphate (Na2 S2 O3) and Hydrochloric Acid (HCl).
An Investigation into the rate of reaction is affected by the concentration of a solution The rate of a reaction is the speed at which the reactants change into products. Reactions can be fast and slow for example rusting is a slow reaction and magnesium reacting with oxygen is an example of a fast reaction. There are several factors that affect the rate of reaction these include - ==> Surface area/size of solid particles ==> Concentration of solutions ==> Temperature ==> Presence of a catalyst Aim In my investigation I am going to look at how concentration affects the rate of reaction, and the reaction I am going to look at is Sodium Thiosulphate (Na2 S2 O3) and Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). The equation for the experiment is shown below - Na2 S2 O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + S (s) + SO2 (g) + H2O (l) In previous times seeing this experiment I have seen what happens, the solution (which is made up of Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid) has become cloudy, this is because the sulphur is precipitated and sulphur is insoluble. In my experiment I am going to time how quickly it takes the solutions of different concentrations to produce solid sulphur, observing how quickly an "X" is observed under a conical flask of solution. When the "X" is obscured the reaction has went to the same point. Prediction I predict that the stronger concentration of sodium
In this investigation we are going to measure the rate of reaction of marble and HCl when the concentration or surface area of marble is changed.
Chemistry Coursework-Investigation on the rate of reaction between HCl (Hydrochloric acid) and Marble (Calcium Carbonate - CaCO3) Aim: In this investigation we are going to measure the rate of reaction of marble and HCl when the concentration or surface area of marble is changed. Introduction: A rate of reaction is the speed at which reactants become an end product. For a reaction to happen, the particles that are reacting have to collide. If they collide, with enough energy and pressure, then they will react. There are several factors that affect the rate of reaction. Firstly temperature will affect the rate of reaction; if the temperature is cold the particles will move more slowly, with less energy resulting in a slower reaction. However in a hot temperature the particles move more quickly, they collide more with more energy, creating a faster rate of reaction. Secondly concentration will affect it, the lower the concentration the more spread out the particles, so they will collide less and create a slower rate of reaction. Thirdly using a catalyst can be used to speed up a reaction, without it being changed. The factor that we will be investigating is the size and surface area, large particles have a small surface area so there are less particles exposed for collision, which means a slower reaction. However small particles have larger surface area and have faster
In this essay, I will be stating the factors affected by enzymes, the purpose of enzymes, and finally, the uses of enzymes.
In this essay, I will be stating the factors affected by enzymes, the purpose of enzymes, and finally, the uses of enzymes. What are Enzymes? Enzymes are biological catalysts. They have enormous catalytic power. Catalysts are substances that speed up reactions without being used up. Enzymes help the reactions that occur in our bodies by controlling the rate of reaction. Enzymes are also important in respiration. Aerobic respiration releases energy from glucose. Most enzymes are made of proteins. They are made up of long chains of amino acids and also has a unique shape, as shown in the picture opposite. The purpose of this is to allow another molecule to fit with the enzyme. These molecules are known to be called substrates. These are designed to fit into the enzymes to create a 'lock-and-key' mechanism which will then create the product molecule. Here is a picture to show how this would look like. As humans, enzymes also have an optimum temperature. The optimum temperature of enzymes will vary depending on which part of the body the enzyme is present. In most cases, the optimum temperature of enzymes is 40°. If the temperature exceeds 40°, the enzyme will denature, as of humans, if they exceed 40°, they would die. If the enzyme denatures, it basically means the breaking down of the active site, so the substrate cannot fit into it any more. Enzymes don't just have
Biology Recycling
Recycling is a way to decrease the amount of rubbish being filling up the landfill, it also helps the environment and is a sustainable development. The aim of this investigation is to find out some aspects about domestic recycling. Of particular interest is:- * What people widely recycle * How much of different things people recycle * Why people do/don't want to recycle So I created a basic questionnaire to find out what people would want to say about recycling and what changes they would want in the environment in the future. . Do you recycle? Yes No If No Thank you for your cooperation 2. Do you think that recycling is beneficial for the environment? Yes No Not sure Why do you think recycling is beneficial or harmful for the environment? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What resources do you recycle? Plastic Glass Paper Metal Clothes Garden Waste 4. How often are your recycling bins collected? Twice a Week Weekly Fortnightly Once in a Month Other _________________ 5. What would you change about current recycling? No Change 6. Should we increase council tax for better recycling? Yes
Digestion. The digestive system is made up of a complex series of organs and glands that together process the food that enters the body.
The Ways of Digestion The digestive system is made up of a complex series of organs and glands that together process the food that enters the body. In order to use the food that is eaten, it has to be broken down into smaller molecules it can process; it also has to excrete the waste. The digestive process begins in the mouth, where the food is broken down by mastication. Mastication and saliva secretion work together: chewing increases the surface area of foods, which helps to accelerate the breakdown of starch molecules. Mastication causes exocrine glands under the tongue to produce saliva. The starch is broken down into glucose by a production of salivary amylase, an enzyme from the salivary glands. It moistens and compacts the food that has been chewed so that your tongue can roll it into a ball, called the bolus, and push it to the back of your mouth so that you can swallow and have an easy passage down through the pharynx and esophagus. The esophagus is a muscular tube whose muscular contractions propel food to the stomach. The food reaches the pharynx when the bolus has been produced. The bolus triggers an involuntary swallowing reflex that prevents food from entering the lungs, and directs the bolus into the esophagus. When the food has been chewed and swallowed, it enters the esophagus. The esophagus is a long tube that leads food from the mouth to the stomach. The
