Niche--Biology
Palak Shah TA: Luca BIO 101 The niche is one of the most significant concepts in ecology. An organism's niche is how it makes a living: the important resources it needs to survive and its ways of obtaining those resources. Competition occurs when organisms in the same community look for the same limiting resource. This resource may be water, prey, nutrients, light, etc. Competition with members of the same species is intraspecific. Competition with individuals of different species is interspecific. Individuals experience both types of competition, but the relative importance of the two types of competition varies from population to population and species to species. Exploitation competition may cause the elimination of one species. For this to happen, one organism must require less of the limiting resource to survive. The dominant species must also reduce the quantity of that resource below some critical level where the other species would be unable to replace its numbers by reproduction. Exploitation will not always cause the elimination of one species. They may coexist with a decrease in their potential for growth. Neutralism is the most common type of interspecific interaction. Neither population affects one another nor are any interactions that do occur indirect or incidental. Amensalism is when one species suffers and the other interacting species experiences no
Osmosis in Potatos
Osmosis in Potatos 18. 11. 01 Osmosis Investigation To investigate the effects of changing the sucrose concentration on osmosis in plant cells. Water passes into cells through a special type of diffusion called osmosis. Water molecules diffuse through the membrane from a weak solution into a strong solution until the concentration is the same on both sides. A membrane that allows only certain molecules to pass through is called a semi-permeable membrane. In a plant, water passes from a weak cell sap solution to an adjoining cell with a stronger solution, as water passes in, the volume of the sap vacuole increases. When a full sap vacuole presses against the cell wall, it is said to be turgid. If water that is lost is not replaced the sap vacuole shrinks and pulls on the cell wall, the cell becomes flaccid; this is known as plasmolysis. In the cells shown below, water molecules will diffuse from the turgid cell into the flaccid cell, until the cells contain equal concentrations of cell sap. I intend to use potatoes for my investigation because these are sufficiently large, to enable all cores to be taken from the same potato, which will assist in ensuring a fair test. The concentration of sap in the sap vacuole of a potato cell is approximately 0% - 15%. I intend to place a predefined weight of potato cells (0.15g) in
Optical Activity and Pharmaceutical Drugs.
Optical Activity and Pharmaceutical Drugs The Pharmaceuticals business is the epitome of a modern, mature industry that has found a comfortable way to make profits by the billion; it's global, hi-tech and has the ultimate customer, the healthcare budgets of the world's richest countries. Some of today's most promising drugs for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular and neurological disorders use only one chiral form of a molecule whose isomers are mirror images of one another as a result catalyst developers and marketers report a brisk demand for chiral catalysts, which are able to produce the desired form of a drug or it's chemical building block. The managing director of the pharmaceutical company Mr Peter Prophitt said that "More than three quarters of all new products being developed by the pharmaceutical industry are chiral substances". Agricultural chemicals is another important outlet for chiral chemicals, although interest in chirals from this sector "is more subdued" than from drug makers because of the high development costs for new chiral products says Prophitt. Chiral compounds are also increasingly in demand for flavours and fragrances. He also cites and emerging market for chiral food addictives, including amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and other natural products and their synthetic analogs which are generally more potent than the mixture of both chiral
Isolation and Purification of Egg White Proteins
Title : Isolation and Purification of Egg White Proteins Date : 10 May 2011 Session : Morning (9 a.m. - 12 p.m.) Demonstrator's Name : Yan Qi INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE The aim of this experiment was to isolate and purify ovalbumin, conalbumin, ovoglobulin present in the egg of the domestic fowl for the first week. In week two, the ion exchanger, carboxymethylcellulose column was used to purify the lysozyme at alkaline pH. Besides that, the effect of pH and heat on the state of tyrosine was investigated. In week three, the determination of protein content of conalbumin, ovalbumin, lysozyme A, B C and D was done by a using a standard curve obtained from the Biuret test on a standard protein solution containing bovine serum albumin. Next, the iron binding capacity of conalbumin will be determined by titrating 'iron-free' conalbumin with Fe3+. In week four, the enzymic activity was measured by its action on Micrococcus lysodeikticus using a spectrophotometer. Furthermore, the point of saturation of the conalbumin with iron was determined. RESULTS Week 1 Volume of egg white collected (mL) 64 Volume of egg used for isolation of ovalbumin and conalbumin (mL) 62 Volume of saturated ammonia sulphate added (mL) 62 Volume of 0.25 M H2SO4 added to supernatant (mL) 9.5 Volume of supernatant
Blood Clotting & Problems
Blood clotting: problems and solutions In today's world blood clotting is known throughout the continent, however the correct terminology would be a thrombus, the clotting of the blood can lead to a variety of problems with the human body, as the human body is an entire physical structure. This essay will explain the threat and problems to blood clotting as well as with many problems with the body there are also solutions, as well as discussing any ethical issues surrounding blood clots. The blood clot was first explained and research by Rudolph carl virchow in 1848, However blood clotting is considered as a very complex process. Below is a basic diagram to show a blood clot: (Blood_clot_diagram.png? (468 × 295 pixels, file size: 77 KB, MIME type: image/png / Author: en:User:Persian Poet Gal / date produced: 2006-12-14) The blood is very important to humans as it is just like oil in a car engine. The blood contains: * Plasma - makes up about 60% of the blood's volume in the body. Plasma is mainly made from water, but contains many different proteins and other chemicals, an example would be hormones. * Blood cells - make up about 40% of the blood's volume. Blood cells are made in the bone marrow by blood 'stem' cells. The blood cells that are in the body are different types; they are red cells and white cells. * Red cells - give blood the red color. A constant new
Discuss the use and effects of anabolic steroids on the human body
A Discussion about the Major Components of Punishment and its role as an Effective Behaviour Modification Technique Punishment is a very traditional and frequently used behaviour modification technique; however in the 21st century it is considered to be quite controversial. The factors influencing the effectiveness of punishment are well documented. Although the specific balance required for these components to suppress an undesired behaviour indefinitely is still relatively unknown. The ethical debate over the side effects of punishment is forever ongoing, with little research showing any definite conclusions. In extreme cases, punishment has proven to be a crucial aspect in rapidly decreasing a problem behaviour which may cause serious physical harm. The overall success of punishment as a behaviour modification technique will always be a subjective discussion, which involves one's ethical beliefs at core. The debate surrounding the application of punishment, especially to children, is one that is very topical in the 21st century. However, in the past punishment has been one of the most frequently used techniques in the control and modification of behaviour (Ferster, Culbertson & Boren, 1975). Recent research in this area now disputes many of the traditional viewpoints on the lasting effects of punishment (Parke, 2002). However in certain extreme circumstances punishment
ETHICAL DISCUSSION OF PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURERS
THE MISSING ETHICAL DISCUSSION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH AFRICA'S 1997 LAWSUIT AGAINST THE SOUTH AFRICAN GOVERNMENT Kurt L. Davis Jr. PLCP 581: Final Essay Professor Robert Fatton April 25, 2005 CONTENTS I. Introduction...................................................................2 II. Background and History to the Case....................................5 III. The Ethical Discussion Underlining the Lawsuit.....................13 IV. Conclusion....................................................................19 V. Works Cited..................................................................22 Introduction According to most historians and health researchers, it is generally accepted that the first case of Acquired Immo-Deficiency Syndrome universally known as AIDS was first reported in the United States in 1981. AIDS has been conclusively found to be the result of or alternatively induced by the virus called Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus universally known as HIV. HIV progressively destroys the body's ability to fight infections through the continual annihilation of the body's immune system. Essentially, this means that those HIV infected individuals are placed at risk to a range of cancers and diseases including tuberculosis. HIV/AIDS has gone beyond the bane of relatively small groups such as intravenous drug users and
Purification of proteins using hydrophobic interaction chromatography.
Purification of proteins using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The emergence of chromatography was in 1903, discovered by a Russian botanist M.S Twsett by separating green leaf pigment using powdered calcium carbonate into a chain of colour coded bands and allowing the solvent to execute through the column packed phase. The name chromatography originates from Greek for color (chromo) and write (graphein). Poole (2003) and Bonner (2007). According to Poole (2003), chromatography is defined as "a physical method of separation and the components are distributed between stationary phase and mobile phase moving in a definite direction." The mobile phase is either in liquid or gas state which is flown over the stationary phase, which is a solid medium chosen to separate the residues. Bio molecules like proteins are purified in a similar way, in which the components are introduced to the mobile phase and they are transferred to the column packed stationary phase for separation. This is mainly due to the protein molecules that have a greater attraction for the stationary phase displaces slowly than the protein molecules that are attracted to the mobile phase. Scopes (1994). Different chromatography techniques are used for the purification of proteins; however it determines the sequence of the amino acids. Biotech Articles a(2010). However, Bonner (2007) explains a range of
The development of the Biotechnology.
BIOTECHNOLOGY For a thousand of ages, people have demoralized the biochemical actions of living cells. Bread and beer making, for example, depend upon the capability of microscopic yeast cells to convert sugars to carbon dioxide and ethanol (ordinary alcohol). Cheese and yogurt making also depends on the abilities of single-celled life forms-the microorganisms. Every microorganism is a tiny factory. Each one is able of carrying out the essential biochemical functions. Human understanding of biochemistry has developed vividly in the past few decades. This explosion of science is now providing the foundation for a new industry-BIOTECHNOLOGY. Biotechnology is a specialized branch of biology which employs resources of biology, organic and inorganic materials of nature and microorganisms or other living organisms to produce something beneficial to mankind. Several techniques biological sciences mainly of microbiology have been employed in the progress of biotechnology. Microbiology, Genetics, Molecular biology and Biochemistry form the root foundation, which is supported by the Chemical Engineering. The science of biochemistry has yielded better results with the improvement made in the different other branches of biology and chemistry. Biotechnology thus can be defined as the use of living organisms and their products in the industrial processes. The development of the
The functional part of the kidney are called the Nephrons, in each of the kidney there are about 1 million functional Nephrons, they control the molecules that passes through the kidney and also filter the kidney. Each of the nephron composed of six regio
.Structure of Nephron The functional part of the kidney are called the Nephrons, in each of the kidney there are about 1 million functional Nephrons, they control the molecules that passes through the kidney and also filter the kidney. Each of the nephron composed of six regions, each of them having their own particular structure and function. The nephron is associated with the blood supply of the human body and it's also that unit of the structure and function of the kidney as the total length of each of the kidney tubules is about 120km, this offer an enormous surface area for the exchange of materials. Functional bodies are able to maintain fluid balance. The term fluid balance means that the volumes of intracellular fluid (ICF), interstitial fluid (IF), plasma and the total volume of water in the body all remain relatively constant. Under normal conditions, homeostasis (relative uniformity of the body's internal environment) of the total volume of water in the body is maintained or restored primarily by devices that adjust urine output to fluid intake, and secondarily by mechanisms that adjust fluid intake. Renal Corpuscle also known as the Bowman's capsule http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat2/notes/Image136.gif A Bowman's capsule is part of the filtration system in the kidneys. When blood reaches the kidneys for filtration, it hits the Bowman's capsule