Biological Membranes
Biological Membranes By Nishant Pradhan Ideas ) Biological membranes are a very complex part of a cell.- 2) Many variations of membranes exist even in a simple cell- 3) Give the main reason and importance of a cell membrane- 4) Different organelles, depending on their purpose have suitable membranes- 5) Give examples of different organelles having a specific type of membrane- 6) Explain the basic features of the plasma membrane- 7) Explain what pores do- 8) Explain why the membranes looks the way it does under the electron microscope- 9) Freeze fracture technique used to investigate inside the membrane- 0) Mitochondria having two separate membranes- 1) Temperature affects the membrane e.g. active transport may cease- 2) Plasma membrane in active transport- 3) Bounding cells together- 4) Chemical components of the membrane- 5) Gas exchange- 6) Cell membranes are made by the help of the golgi apparatus (explain)- 7) Chloroplast membranes- 8) Membrane around nucleus- 9) Cell wall shouldn't be confused with the cell membrane- 20) It is the cell membrane that is pulled during plasmolysis not the cell wall.- 21) A light microscope is not strong enough to clearly distinguish between the -features of a cell membrane, therefore an electron microscope is necessary PLAN ) Introduction - Cell membranes and the misconception. The complexity. 2) How the structure
In Relation to human cells
In Relation to human cells: A. Outline the microscopic structure and function of the main types of cells found in human bone. (500 words) B. Describe the process of mitosis and outline how cell aging and cell death affects normal cell replication. (1000 words) A: The human bone which is a highly vascular tissue consists of three main types of cells these include; Osteoblasts, Osteocytes and Osteoclasts and there functions are remarkably important with regard to the formation of bones .Osteoblasts are bone forming cells. Osteoblasts are located in regions of high metabolism where they become synthesised and emit unminerialized substances. Osteocytes are produced from Osteoblasts, they are formed by creating bone tissue around themselves and therefore are known as mature bone cells. Their function involves in regulating the bone mineral content and regulating the amount of calcium going from the bone tissue out into the blood. Osteoclasts are large bone lining cells. They originate from Osteoblasts and are found on the surface of the majority of adult bones. Osteoclasts have many important functions which include the reabsorption or the collapse of the bone matrix and also to regulate the transfer of calcium and phosphate penetration to the bone. (Gunn p.3) These entire three cells merge together to create the process known as Ossification (Osteogensis) meaning bone
Sexual Dimorphism Displays in Genders of Uca longisignalis, Homo sapiens, and Poecilia latipinna
Sexual Dimorphism Displays in Genders of Uca longisignalis, Homo sapiens, and Poecilia latipinna Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to test whether sexual dimorphism exist in a range of species. In order to test our hypothesis which states that the mass, standard length and height in males did not differ from females in specie; we performed experiments on Uca longisignalis, Poecillia latipinna, and Homo sapiens. We found that the average for female crabs were 4.0 +/- 1.1 (S.D), the males were 2.3 +/- 0.6 (S.D), the human female average was 165.7+/- 3.4 (S.D.), the human male average was 182.1+/-8.1 (S.D.), the female fish average was 43.0+/- 4.3 (S.D), and the male fish average was 50.0 +/- 6.2 (S.D). In conclusion, we found that there is sexual dimorphism in all three species and that gender is a specie-specific factor that plays a role in sexual dimorphism. Introduction Throughout history, many intellectuals have tried to understand what makes males and females of the same species different. Until the modern era, the only known fact was that males and females differed greatly in physical appearances. However, with the advances in science, we know a great deal more about gender differences in numerous species. This is called sexual dimorphism. The purpose of the report is to discuss whether sexual dimorphism in size exists in a range of animals. In order to
In order to test our hypothesis which states that sequence identity shared among orthologous proteins is not different from the sequence identity shared among paralogous proteins, we used bioinformatic databases. We found that sequence identity
Orthologs within the same Superfamily Show Higher Sequence Identity than Paralogs within the same Superfamily Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to examine the amount of relation found in proteins recognized as homologs. In order to test our hypothesis which states that sequence identity shared among orthologous proteins is not different from the sequence identity shared among paralogous proteins, we used bioinformatic databases. We found that sequence identity of human prolactin to human growth hormone was 23.9% identical, human prolactin to pig prolactin was 78.6% identical, and human prolactin to fish prolactin was 32.6% identical. In conclusion, we found that the sequence identity of orthologous protein hormones share a higher percentage of relatedness, especially those in class Mammalia. Introduction For scientist, especially those who specialize in evolution, the revolution of DNA technology has proven to be an influential factor in evolutionary research. The advancement in technology has allowed DNA to be used as a marker in the history of evolution. It is because of this technology, like bioinformatic databases, that we can compare DNA sequences of various genes between different organism and gain information about their relationships (Harvey et. al. 1995). Molecular evolution has opened a whole new field of scientific research. The purpose of this
Ribosomes; Structure and function.
Ribosomes; Structure and function 9 April 2003 Carly Brooks Ribosomes are cytoplasmic organelles discovered in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Found in great abundance up to 10,000 in bacterial cells and many times more in eukaryotic cells, they comprise of proteins and rRNA molecules known as subunits, to form a large ribosomal complex. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes in association with transfer RNA (tRNA), act as a site for mRNA translation, assembling a specific sequence of amino acids into polypeptide chains, once the mRNA joins the two component subunits (large and small) of the ribosome. The tRNA is covalently bonded to an individual amino acid and has a complimentary nucleotide sequence, an anticodon, to each mRNA codon which form base pairs, adding specificity to the selection of the corresponding amino acids. The mRNA is linked by hydrogen bonds to the tRNA and is held in proximity to the amino acid so that a peptide bond is formed, this process occurs again and each amino acid is polymerized into a growing peptide chain. Ribosomes exist in two distinct forms; free and bound and may be positioned in several locations throughout the cell depending on cell function. Free ribosomes can occur individually, a monosome, or in clusters called polyribosomes or polysomes and are found in the
Identifying different biological macromolecules
IDENTIFYING DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES Introduction Biological macromolecules consist of very small organic molecules that are linked together to produce large molecules (Garcia, 2002). These large molecules are called polymers (Garcia, 2002). In particular, for macromolecules like carbohydrates and proteins, the polymer molecule is created when small molecules called monomers are covalently bonded to one another (Garcia, 2002). There are four major types of biological macromolecules. The four groups are carbohydrates which consist of polysaccharides and monosaccharides, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids (Garcia, 2002). Biological macromolecules are relevant because they are the building blocks of cells in both animals and plants (Karp, 2010). These types of molecules not only form the structure of a cell, but also carry out the cells' activities (Karp, 2010). The existence of macromolecules in living organisms is what provides life and separates them from the rest of the world (Karp, 2010). The purpose of this experiment is to test for the presence of macromolecules in various liquid solutions. In this lab we will explore two of the four types: carbohydrates and proteins. In carbohydrates the monomer unit is called a simple sugar while in proteins the monomers that are linked together are called amino acids (Garcia, 2002). Particularly, in carbohydrates when a
Macromolecule Analysis
Macromolecule Analysis UW ID: Partner: TA: Section Number: 005 30 L September 28, 2010, 7:00PM - 9:50PM, Biology 2-149 Experiment Date: September 21, 2010 Introduction The purpose of this lab experiment is to identify the types of macromolecules in the solutions supplied. Using the results of the known substances, the unknown may be predicted. This experiment also familiarize with the concept of treatment controls which are used to check if the experimental conditions and procedures were conducted correctly. A positive control displays that the procedure that is very similar to the actual experimental test. The experimental result is that which is hypothesized and done many times before. A negative control is a result which does not change the normal state or negative result. (Johnson and Besselsen, 2002) In this lab, we dealt with three biochemical processes including Iodine test, Benedict's test, and Biuret test. The Iodine test reacts with starch forming a colour change. Starch is a polymer of glucose which is made up of two polymers, amylase and amylopectin. Glycogen is also a polymer of glucose which is made up of amylopectin. Amylose is an unbranched, helical molecule whose sugars are joined by ? (1 › 4) linkages. Amylopectin is a branched helical molecule. The amylose forms helices where iodine molecules assemble, forming a dark blue/black colour. The
Investigation into the integrity of cell membranes under different conditions
Investigation into the integrity of cell membranes under different conditions Introduction Scientists have spent extensive time into researching the composition of the cell membrane. This flexible elastic material surrounding cell contents hold so much importance in the basis of cell functions. This practical in particular will make use of beet roots (plant cells), it is ideal because generally it is known that the cell membrane encases the cell's vital contents, and in beetroot is a red pigment that is enclosed in the cell membrane. By subjecting the beer root to different conditions, various knowledge regarding the composition and structure of the cell membrane can be obtained. Method The method has been slightly adapted for this practical due to limitations in the laboratory, thus the method is as follows: Effect of temperature on membrane permeability Prepare six test tubes by placing 15ml of distilled water in each one. Of the six, five will be labeled at different temperatures: 30?C, 40?C, 50?C, 60?C, and 70?C. The last test tube will be used as a control, so it will be at room temperature, which is about 26?C in the laboratory. These are all placed on a test tube rack and placed on the side somewhere. Next using boring tool 11 cylinders of beetroot should be cut from the beetroot. The cylinders should measure approximately two cm in length and 1 cm in diameter.
Mammalian cell structure
DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURAL COMPARTMENTATION OF MAMMALIAN CELLS AND THE DIFFERING FUNCTIONS OF THESE COMPARTMENTS In this essay I would like to talk about the compartmentalisation of the cell and some important processes happen within the cell that requires the corporation of different organelles. Eukaryotic cells (from the Greek meaning truly nuclear) can be easily distinguished through a membrane-bound nucleus. Mammalian cells are one of the two types of eukaryotic cells, in which contains many internal membrane bounded structures called organelles, they are separated into different groups in order to increase their efficiency at bringing out particular function, and this is called compartmentalization, however there is processes that requires different organelles working together in order to take place, such as respiration (involves the cytoplasm and mitochondria) and Protein Synthesis (Nucleus, Ribosomes). Mammalian cells are different to Plant cells (which are also eukaryotic), they do not have a cellulose cell wall, and they are bounded by only plasma membrane, so they are sensitive to Osmotic lysis (the bursting or rupturing of the plasma membrane due to osmotic movement of water into the cell when the cell is in a hypotonic environment. The command centre of the cell, usually the largest is the nucleus; it contains the DNA information (chromosomes) of the cell and
Stem Cell Research
How to Boost Traffic to a Website: Practical and Easy Ideas to Attract Customers Aileen Guillen Grisel Aviles Monica Estremera Management Information Systems, Section 01 Dr. Bernardo Valencia November 5, 2008 How to Boost Traffic to a Website: Practical and Easy Ideas to Attract Customers With the many problems today that people are experiencing due to the overeating of junk food, the movement toward a healthier lifestyle is getting bigger everyday. Using the many articles on the internet and the newspapers about the dangerous disadvantages of junk food such as obesity, heart problems, blood pressure problems, and lots of others, human beings are gaining more consciousness about the need of consuming healthy food and the many benefits this action can carry to their lives. And that is why this is the perfect time to promote a website that offers the advantages of healthy food and supplements that can help our bodies to eliminate the bad toxins of unhealthy foods, which is the entire purpose of this paper, to offer non difficult and practical ideas on how to boost traffic to a website like the one described above. Traffic is an importance when it comes to linking the Internet, business and profits. The business generates sales based on the traffic brought in and how the traffic is brought in. The essential strategy to follow is finding out how to target the right