How has psychological research and theory helped explain EITHER sex offending OR violent offending? Is there any evidence that these serious offenders on release can lead law-abiding lives?
REPORT TITLE: How has psychological research and theory helped explain EITHER sex offending OR violent offending? Is there any evidence that these serious offenders on release can lead law-abiding lives? MODULE TITLE: Crime in Context STUDENT NUMBER: DATE: 27th May 2003 WORD COUNT: 3288 How has psychological research and theory helped explain EITHER sex offending OR violent offending? Is there any evidence that these serious offenders on release can lead law-abiding lives? Psychological research and theory has attempted to explain the aetiology of sex offending. However, explanations have been problematised by a diversity of complex factors such as heterogeneity of types, styles, process mechanisms and degrees of offence severity of offenders. Such diversities are further complicated by their interrelationship with a variety of developmental, socio-cultural, biological and psychological factors (Marshall, 1996). As a result, contemporary complex multifactorial theories, such as Finkelhor's Precondition Model (1984) and Marshall and Barabee's Integrated Theory (1990), strive to produce a more encompassing explanation of sex offending. Since assessments and treatments based on such models may go some way to enabling these serious offenders to lead a law abiding life, this essay will evaluate both theories, as well as the effectiveness of treatment therapies
self esteem and personality factors
Title: A re-investigation into the relationship between personality factors and individuals perceived self esteem beliefs. Abstract: This research investigated the relationship between personality factors and an individuals perceived self esteem beliefs, via quantitative data from a one-way independent MANOVA design. The Interpersonal awareness and social interaction questionnaire measured both variables (see appendix ?). An opportunity sample of 162 participants anonymously participated in the study. A one-way independent MANOVA calculation demonstrated a statistically significant main effect between personality and individual self esteem beliefs and represents a large effect size F(5, 165) = 12.92, p<.001, Wilks' ?= .71, partial ?2 = .293. Introduction: The causes, parallels and consequences of high and low self esteem have been widely studied (Baumeister, 1993; Harter, 1998). Self esteem is associated with an individual's perceived sense of self worth and the value they place upon themselves (Blascovich & Tomaka, 1991). Rosenberg (1965), simplified this as having a favourable or unfavourable attitude towards oneself (Cited in John & MacAarthur, 2004). Personality on the other hand is widely measured via the Five Factor Model (FFM) consisting of five primary sub sections being neuroticism, extroversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness (McCrae &
The Behavioural Activation System: lateralization of the BAS and its role in mediating approach motivation
Student Number: 33111538 Mini Project The Behavioural Activation System: lateralization of the BAS and its role in mediating approach motivation The location and role of the Behavioural Activation System have been extensively debated. The present research attempted to extend support for theory which suggests that the BAS is an approach motivation mediator. Additionally, clarification of past debate on motivational lateralisation, as opposed to emotional lateralisation, of the brain was examined. Measures of BAS strength were taken to identify high or low levels of BAS sensitivity between individuals. A hand-contraction task was used to direct activation to the contralateral hemisphere and an approach motivation measure was taken after completion of this task. Scores on the approach motivation measure were hypothesized to be affected by BAS level, hemispheric activation, and an interaction of the two. Two conceptualisations of approach motivation were measured: intrinsic and success motivation. Results were mixed, with a significant effect of BAS strength demonstrated on intrinsic motivation and a significant effect of unilateral hemispheric activation demonstrated on success motivation. Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) has been developed in the quest to understand a biological basis to personality. A multitude of research has been dedicated to investigating
BOBBY ON THE BEAT?" ANSWER THIS QUESTION REFERRING TO AGGRESSION, NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOUR AND STRESS.
University of Portsmouth Bsc. (Hons) Policing and Police Studies "CAN PSYCHOLOGY HELP THE BOBBY ON THE BEAT?" ANSWER THIS QUESTION REFERRING TO AGGRESSION, NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOUR AND STRESS. Registration Number 227296 It will be the intention of this essay to answer the question, ' "can psychology help the Bobby on the Beat?" Answer this question referring to aggression, non-verbal behaviour and stress'. The areas of aggression, non-verbal behaviour and stress have all been the focus of a great deal work by psychologists over the years. In the very short scope of this essay it would not be possible to cover all of these areas. As such, I will divide this article into four distinct stages. Firstly, I will discuss aggression and in particular how the Bobby on the Beat can exhibit aggression. I will then examine non-verbal behaviour, again focusing on the officer and the factors that surround their display of non-verbal behaviour. I will then consider the effect the police uniform, the proxemics and gesturing used by an officer, might have on the people with whom they interact. Concentrating on stress, this paper will consider why police officers may become stressed, the police culture and its relationship to stress and finally how stressors can have an adverse affect on the health and well being of the Bobby on the Beat. In conclusion, I will draw on the content of this essay
Life coaching course essay. I present in this essay an understanding of what motivation is and the importance of understanding and clarifying what motivates the client, in order to empower the client through the coaching relationship to attain what they w
Title: "An effective coaching relationship ¦ can motivate clients and unstuck the stuck. People come to coaching for lots of different things but the bottom line is change" (Co-Active Coaching " L. Whitworth, Jkimsey-House, P. Sandahl). Course: Advanced Diploma in Personal and Executive Coaching Coaching creates a channel of self discovery for the client, so that they can find within themselves a greater understanding of what creates fulfilment and happiness and balance in all areas of their life to achieve their highest dreams and ambitions. The Coaching relationship is a powerful relationship that proves a secure space for a client to open themselves up to possibilities and opportunities in their life. We all have the answers within ourselves. We know what we need and want in our life, coaching provides a place where we can tap into our inner knowing to find these answers in order to achieve our goals and dreams in life. Coaching is a wonderful relationship that gives a client an opportunity to learn about themselves to enable them to move forward and leave behind negative behaviours or thoughts that limit their true potential. I believe it is so important for all of us to have the opportunity in life to create a positive vision for our future and learn to enjoy the whole journey we embark on to fulfil our goals in life. Laura Breman Fortgang uses this beautiful
Genetic and environmental influence in human development.…. Discuss.
Genetic and environmental influence in human development..... Discuss Meyers adopted the analogy of a tree in an attempt to explain human differences. According to him the trunk signifies the species, which then divides into branches. The branches represent our shared characteristics and beliefs. At the end of the branches are leaves, which Meyers claimed stood for the individual person, genetically and environmentally like no other. Every human being is differentially sound. We all have our own genetic makeup with the exception of identical twins. In this case environmental factors will have caused differences in their development and behaviour in the same way they do for everyone else. When a child progresses through the early stages of its life, every aspect of his or her emotional, mental and physical abilities develops. In terms of the nature debate, evolutionary/biological/genetic psychologists believe our development relies heavily on our genetic make up. They believe we have no control over how we develop, but are merely the main actor in a play written and directed by our genes. These genes will hold information about our ancestors as well as the broader, evolutionary information that will allow us to 'survive' in the most effective way. Evidence has been provided to suggest that certain psychological problems or types of development are hereditary. Many studies
With reference to the scientific literature in the field, discuss the psychological perspective of the advantages and disadvantages of using the Control Question Test, associated with the polygraph, for judging the credibility of suspects?
With reference to the scientific literature in the field, discuss the psychological perspective of the advantages and disadvantages of using the Control Question Test, associated with the polygraph, for judging the credibility of suspects? From a Hindu medical source dated about 900 B.C. in which persons falsely denying being poisoners were considered to reveal their guilty identity by such physiological changes as blushing. Therefore, people traditionally assumed that telling lie is accompanied by changes in physiological activity within a person's body. At present, in the scientific perspective that stresses different psychological processes, the central problem is that differentiating deception from other processes. This sort of differentiation, as it employs physiological measures such as changes in skin conductance, is part of the science of psychophysiological which studies psychological processes by means of measuring slight changes in physiological functions. Polygraph that refer to an application of the science of psychophysiological, which itself employs physiological measures to study and differentiate between psychological processes. It is an accurate and scientific instrument that used for the psychophysiological credibility assessment record measures from at least three physiological systems, which are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Recordings
The relationship between aggressive play in footballmatches and the response of the viewers.
Abstract Abstract In 1979, Atkins designed a study to investigate the correlation between violence in TV and the aggressive response by the viewers. He found that 45% of heavy TV violence viewers always respond aggressively, only 21% of participants who watch little TV violence respond aggressively. From this previous study, I developed this research. The main aim of this research is to investigate whether there is a correlation between aggressive play in football match and an aggressive response by the watchers, further more, to discover whether there is a positive correlation between these two, that means, whether the players play more aggressively in the match would lead to more aggressive responses by the viewers. To achieve these aims, two questionnaires were used, the first questionnaire was given to football watchers in a pub, the other was given to supporters participating in the playground. Each questionnaire was handed out to 10 participants (totalling 20), 15 of them are male, 5 are female. Participants were selected through self-selected sampling. Results showed that, generally, aggressive play in a football match would lead to an aggressive response, therefore a correlation was found, in addition evidence showing that a positive correlation exists. Introduction Aggression is a type of Anti-social behavior. It can be defined into three aspects. Antisocial
Following a critical evaluation of a range of examples from the literature, what advice could you give the Government about the possible factors that influence peoples happiness and experience of pleasure?
Following a critical evaluation of a range of examples from the literature, what advice could you give the Government about the possible factors that influence people's happiness and experience of pleasure? There is a high amount of speculation in the scientific world as to what happiness can be defined as, however, scientists have made advances in defining and measuring happiness in the form of subjective well-being (Kringelbach & Berridge, 2009). In order to begin defining happiness we must go back to the times of Aristotle in 300bc. Aristotle was the first philosopher to separate happiness into two distinct categories; hedonia and eudaimonia. Hedonia is defined as the conscious feeling of pleasant well-being while eudaimonia is characteristic of the sensation of a life well lived. In a study conducted by Waterman (1993) which aimed to identify the convergent and divergent aspects of these constructs, it was found that these two conceptions of happiness are indeed related, however, distinguishable. It was found that eudaimonia and not hedonia was a signifier of success in the process of self-realization. It was Charles Darwin who first foreshadowed the scientific study of pleasure while examining the evolution of emotions and affective expressions. In Darwin's 'The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals' (1872) it is suggested that emotions are adaptive responses
Repressed memories are a figment of the imagination -critically discuss
INTERVIEWING AND TESTIMONY "Repressed memories are a figment of the imagination." Critically assess this claim In a report of their findings published in Psychological Medicine, professor of psychiatry H. Pope and his co-authors concluded that the absence of repressed memories in any published works prior to 1786 shows that the occurrence is not a usual neurological function, but rather a culture-bound disorder rooted in the nineteenth century and Pope argued that repressed memories falls into the analytical category of a "pseudo-neurological symptom" which is a condition that is missing an identifiable medical or neurological basis (Pettus, 2008) Repressed memories may sometimes be recovered years or decades after the event according to proponents and is most often suddenly set off by a particular smell, taste, or other stimulation related to the repressed memory or via treatment during psychotherapy (Albach, Moormann and Bermond, 1996). The exact definition is addressed above of "Repressed Memory" as this is the term used in the question and similar terms such as repression vary significantly in definition for instance repression often thought of as the parent of all defences (Niolon, 1999). Repression involves putting painful memories and out of our minds and forgetting them but the problem with repression is that the memory, or insight that is