The aim of this investigation was to investigate if 'chunking' in STM will be affected by the speed of verbal progression through a word list.
Contents Section Page Number Abstract: 2 Introduction: 3 Aim/hypothesis: 6 Method: Design: 7 Method: Participants: 7 Method: Materials: 8 Method: Procedure: 8 Results: 9 Treatment of results: 14 Discussion: 15 Conclusion: 20 Bibliography: 21 References: 22 Appendix A: Standardised Instructions: 24 Appendix B: Word List: 25 Appendix C: Raw results/Findings: 26 Appendix D: Working out the Descriptive statistics- Mean, Mode, Median, Range and Standard Deviation: 27 Appendix E: Inferential Statistics- Mann Whitney U test: 30 Abstract The aim of this investigation was to investigate if 'chunking' in STM will be affected by the speed of verbal progression through a word list. My hypothesis was that 'The faster the
For this assignment I will produce a case study showing how psychological theories can be used to explain human behaviour.
Introduction For this assignment I will produce a case study showing how psychological theories can be used to explain human behaviour. In order for me to carry out my case study I am going on a work placement at a nursery. The psychological theories that I will use to explain child behaviour are attachment and separation. The theories that I will look at closely are Ainsworth, Bowlby 1948, Lorenz 1952, Robertson and Bowlby, Schaffer and Emerson 1964, Spitz and Wolf 1964, Ainsworth and Bell 1970, Rutter 1981, Cockett and Tripp 1994. Before I begin to explain these theorists I will define attachment and separation. Attachment is a strong emotional tie that develops over time between an infant and their primary caregiver(s) Cardwell, et al, 2000, page 29 Maurer and Maurer (1989) suggested that the form attachment takes depends on the interaction between two people (infant and caregiver) rather than just being together. Separation means being separated from a caregiver. Deprivation means that there has been a disruption in the attachment bond, separation or loss of attachments. Privation, on the other hand, implies that no attachment bond has been formed. I will explain about the effects of separation later on in this case study. Attachment is assessed in terms of four aspects of the infant's behaviour: - Separation Anxiety: - This is the discomfort the
Eyewitness performance in Cognitive and Structured interviews.
Memon, A., Wark, L., Holley, A., Bull, R. & Koehnken, G. (1997) Eyewitness performance in Cognitive and Structured Interviews. Memory, 5, 639-655. Eyewitness performance in Cognitive and Structured Interviews Amina Memon[1], University of Texas at Dallas, School of Human Development, Richardson, TX 75083-0688, USA Linsey Wark & Angela Holley Department of Psychology University of Southampton Southampton S017 1BJ U.K. Ray Bull Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth P01 2ER U.K. Guenter Koehnken Institut fur psychologie Universitat Kiel Olshausenstr 40-60 24098 Kiel Germany Keywords: cognitive interview, eyewitness, retrieval, mnemonics, training Abstract This paper addresses two methodological and theoretical questions relating to the Cognitive Interview (CI), which previous research has found to increase witness recall in interviews. (1) To what extent are the effects of the CI mnemonic techniques when communication techniques are held constant? (2) How do trained interviewers compare with untrained interviewers? In this study, witnesses (college students) viewed a short film clip of a shooting and were questioned by interviewers (research assistants) trained in conducting the CI or a Structured Interview (SI), similar to the CI save for the `cognitive' components, or by untrained interviewers (UI). The CI and SI
Sociological Methodology
Sociological Methodology In this chapter I aim to gain a through understanding of sociological methods and to look at various methods and their merits and problems, i.e. quantitative etc. I will also attempt to show the methods that will be used in study, and asses the reasons for my choice. It will also be beneficial to look at possible problems and measures to minimise these problems At a basic level research falls into two categories, the positivist and the anti-positivist approach. However it is important to note that sociologists generally do not use one method but combine both approaches to obtain rounded results. And that the research must always be reliable, valid and representative. Positivism is used by structuralists and was used and developed by Augste Comte. Positivists carry out scientific methods, it is otherwise known as the philosophy of science, examples of which are; looking at statistics, or any numerical data. Also included in this type of research are questionnaires, controlled experiments, structured interviews etc. Positivist research can give us knowledge of something actually occurring or existing but it cannot delve deeper and discover the reasoning behind it. The second approach to sociological research is anti-positivism; this is where the reasoning behind the knowledge is looked at. It is often described as the 'texture' and 'feel'
This study is a partial replication of a study by Bransford and Johnson (1972) on the effect of giving someone a schema to aid comprehension and recall of a short passage.
Abstract This study is a partial replication of a study by Bransford and Johnson (1972) on the effect of giving someone a schema to aid comprehension and recall of a short passage. It was predicted that the group given a schema before being read a short passage will comprehend significantly more than those not given a schema before reading a short passage. The research method chosen was an experiment, the target population was 16-19 year olds at Truro College in south west England. The design used was independent groups, and the sample consisted of thirty participants, randomly allocated, aged between 16 and 19 at Truro College. The sampling method used was opportunity sampling. The experiment involved the researcher randomly allocating a participant to a condition who was then read the standardised instructions which depending on the group they were allocated may or may not have included a schema. The participant was then read a short passage and asked to rate their comprehension on a scale of 1 to 7, the participant was then debriefed. The results were collected and a statistical test was then carried out in order to establish significance. The significance level was set at P?0.05 and a Mann Whitney U test was conducted. (U = 27.5 CV = 72). This means that the Null hypothesis that there would be no significant difference in the level of comprehension between those given
Psychology was a branch of philosophy before it broke away into a distinctive discipline over the last century. At the time when psychology was beginning to develop from its post-renaissance past, several schools formed.
Table of Contents Contents Section Introduction 1.0 Psychodynamic approach 2.0 Psychoanalytic theory 2.1 Structure of personality 2.2-2.3 Defence mechanisms 2.4-2.5 The development of the personality 2.7 Post-Freudians 2.8 Therapies 2.9 Classical psychoanalysis 2.10 Ego analysis 2.11 Criticisms of the approach 2.12 Behaviourist approach 3.0 Classical conditioning 3.1 Classical conditioning accounting for Phobias 3.2 Classical conditioning in the media 3.3 Operant conditioning 3.4 Skinner's findings 3.5 Types of reinforcement 3.6 Secondary reinforcers 3.7 How it applies to humans 3.8 Therapies 3.9-3.12 Criticisms of the approach 3.13 Humanistic approach 4.0 Client-centred therapy 4.1 Maslow's hierarchy of needs 4.2 Logotherapy 4.3 Criticisms of the approach 4.4 Skinner's findings 4.5 Which approach? 5.0 Conclusion 6.0 Appendices Diagram of the levels of states of consciousness Little Han Pavlov's conditioning process. Bibliography .0 Introduction Psychology was a branch of philosophy before it broke away into a distinctive discipline over the last century. At the time when psychology was beginning to develop from its post-renaissance past,
The effect of context, and the relationship of cue and target, in word recognition performance
Page Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to test the findings of Fisher (1979), who found a significant relationship between target to cue relationship and target recognition ability. Fisher, however, did not account for ability when no cue was present at all. In the current experiment, participants had to remember target words from a series of word pairs which had been designed to have varying target to cue and cue to target relationships. Different groups took part in the cues present and cues absent conditions. There was a trend indicating that Fisher had been right in his assessment of target to cue relationships influencing recognition. However, there was no difference in effect when cues were present or absent- indicating that there was no benefit to the presence of cue words. While it is possible that this was proof against Fishers findings, it is highly possible that it may be an internal methodological weakness. Introduction Recognition, when discussing memory, is the ability of a person to acknowledge that something observed is already present within their memory- thus, sensory input is categorised as either present in memory (recognised) or not present in memory (not recognised). Furthermore, recognition is noted as being significantly more adept in terms of memory ability when compared to the similar process, recall- possibly because context can both
Pivots and Structured Play: Stimulating creative user input in Concept Development
Pivots and Structured Play: Stimulating Creative User Input in Concept Development Tore Urnes, Åsmund Weltzien and Anne Zannussi Telenor Research and Development Snarøyveien 30 N-1331 Fornebu, Norway {tore.urnes|asmund.weltzien|anne.zannussi}@telenor.com Solveig Engbakk¹ and Julie Kleppen Rafn² ¹Department of Computer Science ²Department of Product Design Norwegian University of Technology and Science N-7034 Trondheim, Norway {solveien|julier}@stud.ntnu.no ABSTRACT Design methods based on participatory design need to stimulate creativity in potential users. We propose the pivot method to address this need during the concept development stage of the broader interactive system development process. Pivots are symbolic, yet physical, representations that allow a person to move back and forth between a figured (imagined) world and the real world. This movement generates experiences that can be exchanged and that stimulate creativity. We offer insights into the theoretical foundations of pivots and the pivot method. We also report on our experience from employing the pivot method during the development of a "universal remote controller" concept for a smart home. Keywords Participatory design, creativity, pivot, play, design method, smart home, universal remote controller. INTRODUCTION Constant progress in hardware and software technologies helps bring
Effects of Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive Parenting Styles experienced in childhoood on Levels of Self-Esteem in Later Life.
Effects of Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive Parenting Styles experienced in childhoood on Levels of Self-Esteem in Later Life. ABSTRACT Relationships are fundamentally important to society. Individuals require each other for many different purposes, including self esteem. The aim of this study was to gain further experience in the design of a measure and its practical application. Research suggests that parenting styles experienced in childhood have a major impact on levels of self esteem in later life. Authoritative, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles were identified. 73 statements were generated for these styles. After piloting the study on twelve fellow psychology students (eleven females and one male), the range and standard deviation were calculated. Unacceptable statements were removed. 10 questions for each parenting style remained, these were presented as the final questionnaire. This was used in conjunction with the previously created self-esteem questionnaire. Participants were 11 males and 13 females, aged 16-60years, selected using the opportunity method. A test-retest reliability measure found a correlation of 0.88 for authoritative statements, 0.841 for authoritarian and 0.814 for permissive statements. Modifications would have to be made to reach the 0.9 recommended by Coolican for this reliability test. Data was correlated using a
A study on the content of stereotypes on 8 different drug-user groups.
A study on the content of stereotypes on 8 different drug-user groups Abstract This study examines the content of stereotypes for eight different drug groups (cannabis, cocaine, heroin, LSD, ecstasy, amphetamines, crack, and ketamine users.), along the two hypothesized dimensions of warmth and competence (Fiske's et all. 1999), while the third one deviance was added as it appeared essential for the current research on illegal behaviors. Furthermore we are going to examine Parker et al's normalization hypothesis by collecting drug use frequency data. We are also assigning participants into four attitude groups reflecting their attitude towards drug use in general, in order to obtain a multidimensional analysis of the normalization hypothesis. A cluster analysis by means of a dendrogram is conducted in order to examine whether the degree of association is strong or weak between the 8 drug user groups. Two clusters of drug groups were produced distinct from each other, and our study supported the normalization hypothesis. Introduction Coming from the Latin prae and judicium, the term prejudice literally means prejudgement. Allport's view of prejudice is this of an antipathy based on faulty and inflexible generalization which may be felt or expressed towards a group or a person. (Allport 1954). According to Allport's view of prejudice, it consists of three main components:
