Introduction to the geological zones of Austria

Austria can be separated into three main geological parts: - Austria divisa est in partes tres ;-)

  •  (most parts of the Eastern Alps, northern rim of Southern Alps)
  •  in the East
  • Southern parts of the  

Alps

The Alps represent an orogeny consisting of folds and thrusts, which was created by the collision of Africa and N-Europe. This collision is, of course, a slow process, which started in the Upper Jurassic (ca. 150 Ma ago) and is still in action today. As a consequence, the strata of a sea basin ("Tethys"), that had been deposited since Permian times (230 Ma), were folded and thrust on top of each other (thrust sheets or nappes). Those nappes which used to be situated in the south were thrust above the ones in the north.

So the southernmost part (the Upper Austroalpine Nappe System), is on top, below the Middle Austroalpine and the Lower Austroalpine Nappes. The Austroalpine Nappe System was thrust over the Penninic Nappes, which were situated beyond a mid-oceanic ridge (like the Atlantic today) during Jurassic times. The oceanic crust was almost totally subducted under the Austroalpine Nappes. Only some Prasinites remained in the Bündnerschieferformation ("phyllite formation of the Grisons") (e.g. Großglockner).

On the other hand, the Penninic Nappes thrust over the Helvetic Nappe System, which leads to the autochthonous sediments of the massifs in the north (Bohemian Massif, Black Forest, Vosges).

 (cross-section and interactive map)

In the Eastern Alps (Austria), the Austroalpine was thrust nearly to the northern rim of the Alps, so it covers almost the whole of Austria's Alps (hence the name). Only geological "windows" like the Tauern Window and the Window of Rechnitz (both Penninic) are excepted. The Helvetic System is rather rare in Austria's Alps, whereas it dominates in central Switzerland (hence the name). That is because most parts of the Austroalpine have been eroded away there (except for the Dent Blanche Nappe - Matterhorn). Also the Penninic Nappes are frequent there (south of the line Rhône Valley - Upper Rhine - Chur).

The younger strata of the Austroalpine Nappes consist of Mesozoic limestones and dolostones (230-65 Ma), which on the one hand represent the Northern Calcareous Alps (north of the line Bludenz - Arlberg- Innsbruck - St.Johann - Bischofshofen - Liezen - Semmering), and the Southern Calcareous Alps (Drau Range, northern Karawanken Mountains; do not mix up with Southern Alps!) on the other, which avoided transportation. A small deposit lies in the .

Below, there are low-grade metamorphites (Caledonian and Variscian orogenies): greywackes, slates, phyllites and paleozoic limestones (600-230 Ma). One deposit lies at the southern rim of the Northern Calcareous Alps (called Greywacke Zone), another is the Paleozoic of Graz and the one of Murau and the Gurk Valley (Nock Mountains).

The lowermost rocks are gneisses and schists (amphibolite facies) of the Caledonian and Variscian orogenies. They build up e.g. the Silvretta Group, the Oetz Valley Alps, the W Stubai Valley Alps, the Defreggen Alps, the Schober and Kreuzeck Groups, the Small Tauern Range and the SE Alps rim (Saualpe, Kor-, Pack-, Stub-, Gleinalpe: Middle Austroalpine, Wechsel area, Fischbach Alps: Lower Austroalpine).

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The Penninic Nappes can be divided into four formations: firstly, the "Old Roof" (Precambrian and Cambrian gneisses - older than 500 Ma), which is the countryrock of granites which intruded during the Carboniferous. These granites became metamorph during the First Alpine Orogeny and now represent (secondly) the  (FUCHS thinks that both formations are Helvetic (compare Aare and Gotthard Massifs!)); thirdly, the Habach Formation (Lower Paleozoic); and fourthly, Triassic sediments and Jurassic Bündnerschiefer / "Phyllites of the Grisons" (calcareous phyllites with ophiolites / prasinites).
The youngest penninic sediments date from the Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary. They represent turbidites of a deep ...

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