Gender differentials in the allocation of education have a marked effect on household income and welfare. Discuss with reference to Sub-Saharan Africa.
'Gender differentials in the allocation of education have a marked effect on household income and welfare.' Discuss with reference to Sub-Saharan Africa. Numerous studies spell out the various and specific benefits of female education in developing countries in addition to those of male education; benefits that are seen to contribute greatly to economic, social and individual development. Why then do gender disparities in access to education still persist in so many countries across the world? Part of the answer could be that female education does not necessarily have such a marked effect on individual household incomes (although there may be more significant increases in welfare in terms of health improved by better hygiene, nutrition etc), and that those bearing the private costs of the girls' or women's education do not receive the full benefits of it because most of the benefits accrue on the social level (Hill & King 1993, p. 23). In order to assess such arguments this essay will examine the various benefits propounded trying to distinguish which are private returns and health benefits and which are social, national benefits. First, however, we will have a look at the current state of women's education in the region of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as a whole, some trends since the 70s, and a few female disadvantages in accessing education that are specifically important
Women and the environment: challenging the global development process
Women and the environment: challenging the global development process STRUCTURE: . THE ORIGINS OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT2. "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT": WOMEN AND THE ENVIRONMENT3. THE CHIPKO MOVEMENT 4. WOMEN AND THE ENVIRONMENT: CHALLENGING THE GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT PROCESS WOMEN AND THE ENVIRONMENT: CHALLENGING THE GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT PROCESS Survival is not an academic skill ... It is learning to take our differences and make them strengths. For the master's tools will never dismantle the master's house. They may allow us temporarily to beat him at his own game, but they will never enable us to bring about genuine change. (Audre Lord: Fin Minh-ha Feminist Review 25) THE ORIGINS OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Development is a project of the US and Europe with its _origins in the post-war period. The two world wars had shown _that the colonial world was falling apart. In the post-war peace _the US was at the height of its power, experiencing relative _hegemony in the world. The politics of the post-war period were _the West's response to the upheavals of war which had left a _divided and fragmented globe. To maintain its position of power _the US needed a vision of a new global order that was not based _on political dominion. The heir to colonialism was to be _development founded on economic interdependence. The West had _"won", was better and superior, but
Causes to Slow Economic Development in Less Developing Countries.
Susanna Yuen Shan, Keung EC1103 Autumn Term Essay 2003 Causes to Slow Economic Development in Less Developing Countries What is Economic Development? Economic development is the process of growth and structural change across the world, which aimed at improving people's living standard. The basic method of measuring economic development is to calculate real Gross National Product (GNP) per capita of the country. GNP is composed of value of all goods and services produced within a country and the property income from abroad. It is real in the sense that it takes inflation into account, thus the term purchasing power parity dollars (PPP dollars). The annual World Development Report, conducted by the World Bank, puts nations in a rank order based on GNP per capita and its rate of change. This is normally how we distinguish between more developed countries (MDCs) from less developed countries (LDCs). The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) launched a new composite indicator in 1990, which is considered as more sophisticated. HDI, refers to Human Development Index, includes three people's choices which are deemed to be critical: access and purchasing power of resources (GNP per capita in PPP dollars); a long and healthy life (life expectancy); and education (adult literacy rate and enrolment attainment rate). It is published each year in Human Development Report (HDR)
What do you understand by the term peacebuilding when applied to NGOs working in conflict areas? How can it be integrated into their development work? Discuss the challenges.
Module: Conflict, Humanitarian Aid and Social Reconstruction Question: What do you understand by the term peacebuilding when applied to NGOs working in conflict areas? How can it be integrated into their development work? Discuss the challenges. Due Date: 23.03.04 In the same year that Boutros-Boutros Ghali initiated the Agenda for Peace (1992) and its assuaged companion, the Agenda for Development1, came a Zed books publication called The Development Dictionary (Sachs 1992). Needless to say, these perspectives were built on a number of observations in a then highly rupturing and shaky world. From the more orthodox perspectives though, these movements embodied a birth (or re-birth if you like), while for the latter school of thought they triumphantly articulated decay and death. This situation exhibited the wider realm of discourse in which NGOs as agents of 'development', specifically those NGOs working in conflict areas, were later to find particularly urbane; it is now in conflict areas that an evolving discourse is most visibly incorporating what appears to be a focus on security to validate its continued existence (Duffield 2001, Wilkin 2002). It is in this contemporary climate that Wilkin fears an international focus on long-term poverty reduction will be reduced and that needs, as a result, will be neglected in the search for a regime of aggregate global security.
Petroleum and Politics. The report aims to analyse the evolution of oil over the last five decades focusing on the oil exporting countries and evaluating the importance of oil to reduce poverty and promote development. It also examines the confrontation
Background paper: Petroleum & Politics Executive summary The report aims to analyse the evolution of oil over the last five decades focusing on the oil exporting countries and evaluating the importance of oil to reduce poverty and promote development. It also examines the confrontation that will take place between the two largest oil consumers (China and US) as the oil production will become insufficient to satisfy the growing demand. The findings reveal how different conflicts among oil producer countries have decreased the efficiency of the OPEC to control the prices and apply correct oil policies. It is very probable that in the next years the price of oil will grow to levels that the world has not seen in its history because the limited oil reserves can not satisfy the increasing demand. The policies applied by Venezuela in the last decade have contributed to promote development and reduce poverty among its population significantly. On the other hand countries like Nigeria have not had the chance to applied correct policies due to the political instability and diseases such as HIV or AIDS. Iran is one of the better positioned countries to achieve the MDGS by 2015. However the country faces high levels of inequality and high rates of inflation and unemployment. As China's demand for oil increases the competence with US to control the oil supplies rises. Oil exporting
A dedicated Cruise Terminal as part of the Port & Airport Developmentin Hong Kong.
Centre of Urban Planning and Environmental Management University of Hong Kong To: Dr. H T Dimitriou From: Mason Hung Chung Hing Case Studies in Urban Planning (Course No. 83852) Term Paper A dedicated Cruise Terminal as part of the Port & Airport Development in Hong Kong A dedicated Cruise Terminal as part of the Port & Airport Development in Hong Kong Contents . Purpose 2. Background 3. Importance of Tourism to Hong Kong 4. Market Situation for Cruise Industry 5. Why does Hong Kong need a dedicated Cruise Terminal ? 6. Technical Requirements of a Dedicated Cruise Terminal 7. Possible Locations 8. Financial Viability 9. Capacity 0. Conclusion A dedicated Cruise Terminal as part of the Port & Airport Development in Hong Kong . Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the importance of a dedicated cruise terminal to Hong Kong, in terms of tourism development, as part of the port and airport development and Hong Kong as an international city. The infrastructure requirements associated with developing Hong Kong as a major cruise hub, its viability and capability are also examined. 2. Background Throughout the world, the high-yield cruise industry is booming. But Hong Kong can only become a major hub for regional cruises when an additional, purpose-built, world-class terminal opens for business in the harbour. 3. Importance of Tourism to Hong
Criticism of sustainable development and Sustainable development in the Southeast Asian context
Criticism of sustainable development: The implementation in Southeast Asia . Introduction The concept of 'sustainable development' has become a popular topic of intense debate and extensive discourse since its inclusion in the World Commission on Environment and Development Bruntland Report in 1987. 'Our common future' is now believed to be the discourse of 'sustainable development'. Academics originally thought it was a breakthrough and had the potential to become ethos for further positive economic and environmental reforms. Unfortunately, following the promulgation of the sustainable development concept, its actual meaning became increasingly clouded, with different definitions being adopted across groups. Some people may think that the term sustainable development 'has become more of a catch-phrase than a revolution of thought, and employing its use has simply fuelled the interests of advocates of exponential economic growth, undermining environmental reforms.'(Hove,2004:48). Others contended that the common usage of'sustainable development' was too narrow in its preoccupation with stewardship and the interests of future generations while these were important factors in the concept, it should also include other goals, such as 'providing adequate income...reducing disparities...and providing equitable access to resources.'(Pierce,1992:312). Sustainable development is
Explore the meaning of 'sustainable development' in the Southeast Asian context. Can one make a case for a distinctively Southeast Asian definition of this concept?
Explore the meaning of 'sustainable development' in the Southeast Asian context. Can one make a case for a distinctively Southeast Asian definition of this concept? The concept of 'sustainable development' has become an area of intense debate and extensive discourse since its inclusion in the report 'Our Common Future', a document prepared by the World Commission on Environment and Development which espoused a form of development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." (Brenton, 1994:129) The importance of linking development and the environment was realised and popularised, subsequently the search for sustainability became the new ethos for governments and environmentalists alike. Following the promulgation of the sustainable development concept, its actual meaning became increasingly clouded, with different definitions being adopted across groups. Academics contended that the common usage of 'sustainable development' was too narrow in its preoccupation with stewardship and the interests of future generations, and while these were important factors in the concept, it should also include other goals, such as "providing adequate income... reducing disparities...[and] providing equitable access to resources." (Pierce, 1992:312) Global environmental summits such as the United Nations Conference on
Child Development Journal
Observation 1 Child A Setting In the classroom Age of child and year group 8 years old, year 4 Child A was in his form group and the lesson was Home Economics. All the children in the class were planning to make a salad. They were shown a list of food items on the board and had to choose at least 1 from each of the 3 columns. The first column consisted of pasta and rice, the second of tuna, bacon and cheese, and the third of sweet corn, carrots, cucumber and lettuce. The children were then asked to write their choices in their books and then draw pictures of them. Child A started drawing pictures. A female teaching assistant asked child A what he was doing. He said "I'm drawing my salad". She told him he needed to write the names of the food first and then draw them. He did not respond. She then asked him what the drawings were. He said "A strawberry, a banana, some grapes and an apple". She told him he needed to choose some of the food that was listed on the board. He said "But this is what I'm putting in my salad". She rubbed out his drawings and asked him what food he was going to choose. He said "A strawberry, a banana, some grapes and an apple". He started picking pencils out of a pot. She told him he needed to choose some food from the board; he started drawing his fruit again and repeated what the fruit was. She rubbed out the drawings again and told him if
Theatre in Scotland- an underestimated force.
Ruhr- Universität Bochum Englisches Seminar Theatre in Scotland - an underestimated force - Term paper Cultural Studies Summer School Stirling'03 Dr. D. Hamblock submitted by Sarah Amelie Stücken "We believe that culture and the arts have a key role in today's diverse Scotland. Our vision is for a Scotland where our cultural life is inclusive and accessible." Andy Kerr at the installation of the Scottish National Theatre, September 2003 Contents . Introduction ....................................... 4 2. Scottish Drama ........................................ 5 2.1 The History of Scottish Drama ....................................... 5 2.2 Contemporary Scottish Drama ....................................... 6 3. Scottish Theatre ...................................... 6 3.1 The History of Scottish Theatre ....................................... 7 3.2 Contemporary Scottish Theatre ....................................... 9 4. Theatre and National Inheritance