HIV/AIDS in South Africa: issue of anti-retroviral drug distribution
Author: Mohamedazad Essa [email protected] Paper No1: HIV/AIDS in South Africa: issue of anti-retroviral drug distribution Abstract The reality is that HIV/AIDS is at the crossroads. The economic and political niches of the contemporary modern condition provides both the possibility to raise scientific research to create means of effectively dealing with the pandemic, or alternatively, the new religion of globalized capital may only serve as to extend HIV/AIDS to become the biggest social issue of all history. In this, anti-retroviral (ARTs): drugs designed to halt the dilapidation of the body's immune system have been created but largely confined to the developing world. So much so that HIV/AIDS prevention strategies have lost intensity in some industrialized centres because of the availability of mechanisms and treatment in these countries. However, the developing world has no such option. In largely traditional societies, indecisive and confusing leadership, marred by the intense stigmatisation of HIV/AIDS status and the poor health infrastructures, resources and treatment capacities has presented a regressive circle of no escape. Poor socio-economic background and conditions mixed with the HIV/AIDS crisis can only mean even more socio-economic and political upheaval, the regression of development and the collapse of societies: beginning with families, communities,
A Discussion of Aid and Development in Zimbabwe.
CONTENTS Introduction page 2-3 World Bank page 3-8 Non-Governmental Organisations page 8-11 Government, politics and aid page 11-15 Corruption page 15-16 Conclusion page 16-17 Bibliography page 17-18 A Discussion of Aid and Development in Zimbabwe. Introduction Zimbabwe is located in Southern Africa between South Africa and Zambia and also boarders with Botswana and Mozambique. The country has many resources available for exploitation, such as coal, gold, iron ore and copper. However, this is a country that is frequently plagued with devastating droughts. This has a huge effect on its 11,000,000 population, of which 8,000,000 are dying of starvation (www.news.bbc.co.uk). Zimbabwe was initially a British Colony and in 1961 there was a constitution that favoured the control of Zimbabwe to whites, by 1965 Zimbabwe had declared itself independent from Britain, however this was not recognised by the UK. In 1979 there was a UN sanction and an uprising by guerrilla groups leading to free elections and finally
Account for the resurgence of the extreme right in France since 1981.
Account for the resurgence of the extreme right in France since 1981. The Front National (FN), the most significant party of the extreme right in France , have enjoyed an extraordinary increase in support during the 1980's, reaching levels of electoral success not even approached by any elements of the far right since the 5th Republic's inception. From its low-point in 1981 when the FN's leader, Jean-Marie Le Pen, could not even muster the 500 sponsors necessary for him to mount a Presidential challenge (and the FN's poor showing in the ensuing legislative elections), it underwent a spectacular turnaround to achieve consistent levels of electoral support of around 10% from the 1983 local elections onwards. The European elections of 1984 were a major national breakthrough and, as a rebuke to those sceptics who dismissed their appeal as simply a protest vote in local or relatively 'unimportant' contexts, the 1986 legislative elections (in which the FN entered the National Assembly for the first time with 35 seats) and the Presidential elections of 1988, confirmed that they were more than a 'flash in the pan' phenomenon. In each of these instances they were able to attract between 8 and 11% of the vote nationally, with much higher levels in various constituencies, and establish themselves as a significant 'player' in the French political system (Schain,1987,Shields, 1991). So
To what extent was slavery the cause of the American Civil War?
To what extent was slavery the cause of the American Civil War? Slavery or issues related to slavery and its extension caused sectional conflict for decades preceding the Civil War, with the effect of galvanising the north against the south. Although there was a long history of sectional antagonism; compromise had been reached repeatedly from the Missouri Compromise, to the Nullification Controversy, and finally to the Compromise of 1850. Such compromise became harder to obtain during the 1850s, and in the end the sectional disputes of old were settled on the battlefield instead of being kept within political channels. Thus we must question, when searching for the cause of the civil war, what made these political channels ineffectual where previously they had sufficed. In order to do this we will evaluate the extent to which slavery caused the break up of the 'second party system'1 primarily as this turning point represents the first real break of the political process. We will also examine the causal role slavery played in the secession controversy as well as in the motivation for Lincoln's declaration of war. Without the use of such turning points in our evaluation, we would lose any dynamic view of the sequence of events precipitating the Civil War. Furthermore, slavery will be compared with dialectic materialism, political agitation and states rights in its importance in
Awakening: The Japanese Canadian Journey to Redress
Awakening: The Japanese Canadian Journey to Redress Margarita Banting 43108026 SOCI 310 001 Debra Pentecost April 2, 2005 Introduction While Canadian soldiers fought overseas in the name of democracy, the federal government was supporting the re-location of peaceful Japanese Canadians at home. During the Second World War, roughly 22,000 Japanese Canadians were forcibly and unfairly evacuated from the west coast and resettled in other parts of the country. Their struggle continued after the war as they fought for an apology and redress for their loss. While war being declared on Japan was a main reason for evacuating Japanese Canadians from the British Columbia (BC) coast, there were underlying reasons (like race, land, and money) as to why the government took part in the re-location process. Unfortunately their actions only contributed to Canada's poor development of ethnic relations and immigration policies. Using the exemplary case of the treatment of Japanese Canadians in British Columbia from the 1900s onward, I will provide a historical and sociological analysis of the event to demonstrate Canada's poor history of ethnic relations and immigration. In the first part, I will focus on the historical analysis of the policies (particularly in BC) that greatly influenced the welfare of the Japanese Canadian population. The second part will be a sociological
Why was the period between 1909-14 one of social and political conflict ?
Why was the period between 1909-14 one of social and political conflict ? Compared to the late nineteenth century the first two decades of the twentieth century must have startled many people by the sheer magnitude of conflict and disturbances, both in terms of quantity and fierce militancy, that took place. These years immediately preceding World War I contrasted sharply with the Victorian Era, when for most of this time a prosperous, confident Britannia really did rule the waves. A fact underlined by the 'splendid isolation' position that Salisbury's Britain was able to maintain, whereby the sheer strength of her navy meant that she required no allies and was able to remain disentangled by Alliances. For much of Queen Victoria's reign Britain was the undisputed master of the world, and her vast empire covered a quarter of the land on the planet; this fact undoubtedly instilled in her peoples an air of assurance, yet, towards the conclusion of the nineteenth century an there was an increasing feeling of concern and apprehension as nations such as Germany and U.S.A. continued to rapidly gain ground both economically and in terms of military strength. So, the fact that the period preceding the years 1909-14 was so settled surely emphasises the extent of conflicts during there years and perhaps the fact that Britain's world position was becoming increasingly under threat may
Modern Studies Dissertation
Gavin McColl Modern Studies Dissertation Introduction In my dissertation I will examine British politics to see if it is indeed a two-party system, and onto this I will prove that first-past-the-post is restricting progress for third parties. To do this I will use sources and provide arguments my belief that first-past-the-post is a restrictive force on Britains third parties, i.e. Liberal Democrats or the Green Party. Also is there a possibility that Britain is in fact a one-party system? Is there really a credible opposition? I researched my dissertation in many ways. I used the Internet, various textbooks from libraries and class and also used information from an interview with writer for the Scotland on Sunday, Murdo Mcleod that took place in my school on October the 14th 2002. Chapter 1 Two party system explained In a two-party system there are two dominant parties and a one-party majority governments. The electoral system features single member-constituencies, which has played a part in penalising the third parties, for example in Britain there is 659 single-member constituencies. The two-party system has been the cornerstone of British politics, for example the two major parties in Britain has been the Conservatives and the Labour Party since 1918. Britain favours this system so much as it produces a one-party majority, a dominant executive, class voting,
Not for Profit Organisations in the New Zealand Public Health Sector
Introduction Public health is most commonly defined "in terms of its aims - to reduce disease and maintain health of the whole population" (Beaglehole & Bonita 1997). It is a broad discipline which has at its core the promotion of wellness and the prevention of disease. In Aotearoa New Zealand, the mix of international and indigenous approaches to health have led to the development of a holistic approach to the promotion of health supported by a range of Government and Not for Profit (NFP) agencies. I use public health in this paper as an all-embracing term, cutting across "housing, income, deprivation, local safety and security, transport, communication, children, transitions, old people, training, employment and refugees" (Larner & Craig 2002). My experience of work within this sector, in forming partnerships between Government agencies, NFP organisations (NFPO's) and communities, and in developing new projects to address social, health and environmental matters has enhanced my understanding of issues affecting life in Aotearoa New Zealand. In this paper, I seek to introduce my understanding of NFPO's in this country, setting clear limits to the area of the sector I will consider. I will then consider how the Not for Profit sector has developed in this area over the last two decades before presenting my own thoughts around the current situation for this part of the
New Zealand Philanthropy
New Zealand Philanthropy We cannot begin a discussion of philanthropy in New Zealand without reflecting on the fist inhabitants of Aotearoa New Zealand, the Maori. Maori came to Aotearoa, the Land of the Long White Cloud in a series of migrations from their Polynesian ancestral homeland Hawaiiki. Maori have inhabited the shores of Aotearoa for about one thousand years, a few minutes in history compared to the occupation of this ancient land on which I stand today. Forty thousand years ago when the first Aboriginals stood on your red earth New Zealand was a relatively young country geologically having emerged out of the ocean, following the break up of Gondwana land five million years earlier. The Oxford Dictionary defines a philanthropist as " one who does good to his fellow man". A number of Maori have argued recently that philanthropy is inherent in Maoritanga. Historically in Maori society there is an understanding of the existence of a special relationship between a giver and a receiver: Giving is an expression of love or aroha and it is also one of mana, or prestige. The giver and the receiver are then tied into a relationship bound by reciprocity and where the giver will have enhanced his " mana" by giving. New Zealand Journalist Carol Archie explored Maori Concepts of Philanthropy in an article in Philanthropy New Zealand's Newsletter in 2001. She wrote: "After
Chechen conflict
Chechen conflict (Institutional solution) Introduction The Chechen conflict is not a recent issue. It has been a problem for quite a long time due to many underlying causes and reasons. The Chechen rebels call it a "war of liberation". They say that Chechnya has never voluntarily joined the Russian Federation and has only been conquered by military force. For them the 1994-6 war fought with Moscow and the latest campaign to crush Chechnya's struggle for independence, which began in the autumn of 1999, prove that the Russians only consider the language of war as means of solving the conflict. On the other hand, the Russia President Vladimir Putin calls the conflict an "anti-terrorist operation". He claims that the Chechens use terrorist tactics to attack Russian soldiers and they have to be crushed. In this paper, I will try to discuss the conflict itself, emphasizing on background history and developments. Furthermore, I will argue about the underlying causes of the conflict and what pushed both sides to such a bloody war. In addition, I will try to propose an institutional solution to the problem and argue whether institutions can settle the dispute between the Russian government and the Chechen rebels. We will see how those institutions might work in the Chechen context. The conflict: The Chechens are indigenous people of the North Caucasus. They speak a distinct
