Pharmacy practice research assignment
Pharmacy Practice Research Assignment The authors sought to establish whether the incorporation of a medicine review and education programme would result in improved patient medicine compliance and knowledge in the general practice setting for patients aged 65 years or older. The authors set out to achieve this by selectively acquiring patients from one general practice who were 65 years or older and taking three or more medicines. Patients were unable to participate if they lived in nursing or residential care homes, were unable to self-administer their medication or suffered from a terminal illness with a life expectancy less than one year. Patients were randomly allocated to a control or intervention group following sequential recruitment from a patient list. A clinical pharmacist was appointed as the investigator who visited both groups on three occasions. Successive reviews conducted have estimated that as much as 50% of older patients may not be taking their medicines as prescribed. This may be done intentionally due to concerns and beliefs patients have over their medication, unintentionally, or a combination of both. Numerous approaches were proposed from a previous study with the aim of improving patient medicine compliance. Such propositions have proved successful when adopted under a hospital-based self-medication scheme for hospital patients upon
Lead Toxicology
TITLE PAGE Module Code: BMSC 2214 Module Title: Introduction to Toxicology Essay Title: How much lead is too much? Name: Mubeen Iqbal SID: 200242757 Word Count: 1558 How much lead is too much? Introduction Lead is a toxic, soft, malleable metal with four isotopes. It exists in organic and inorganic forms, its atomic number is 82 and it has the symbol Pb. Lead is found in ore with zinc, silver and copper. The most common lead ores are galena, cerussite, and anglesite. The melting point of lead is 327 oC, it is very resistant to corrosion, and it is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. These are some of the main properties which have led to the extensive use of lead for thousands of years. Currently lead is used in battery acid, organ pipes, weights, bullets and for many other functions and purposes. In the past lead was also used in plumbing, in the manufacture of toys, in alcohol, in paint, and most notably, in leaded fuel. However these former uses have almost all now been discontinued, in the Western world at least, due to the increasing recognition of the health risks and the toxic effects of lead. Lead toxicity is thought to have first been recognised by the Greek physician Nicander of Colophon, who described the detrimental effects of lead ingestion in his books, which are the oldest to have survived on the subject of poisoning (Needleman, 2004). Mathieu
clinical research essay 1
CLINICAL RESEARCH Title: "Healthy volunteers participating in clinical trials are sufficiently well informed about the risks prior to giving consent and the financial reimbursement is appropriate." Clinical trials have a variety of definitions but are recognised as being a research study designed to test the safety and effectiveness of drugs, devices, treatments, or preventative measures in humans.1 Carefully conducted clinical trials are seen as the fastest and safest way to find treatments that work in people and ways to improve health. In the search to understand, prevent and treat disease, clinical trials involving healthy volunteers and patients are found to play a vital role.2 Healthy volunteers in a clinical trial are classified as being males and between the ages of 18 to 45 years old.1There are four phases in clinical trials and each one varies in size, character and focus. Phase I is the first phase and it primarily determines how a medicine works in humans and helps to predict a suitable dosage regime for the medicine. It is the earliest phase of a clinical trial and it is used to determine the effectiveness of the drug, the dose, side effects and its metabolism.3 Phase I also provides information about the pharmacokinetics and pharmacological factors of the novel drug and from these studies, improvements are made for the phase II studies that are to follow.3
Discuss the role of the GABAA receptor chloride channel complex in the action of anxiolytic drugs
Discuss the role of the GABAA receptor chloride channel complex in the action of anxiolytic drugs Introduction Anxiolytic drugs are among the most frequently prescribed substances, used regularly by upwards of 10% of the population in most developed countries. This may be a consequence of the difficulties in classifying the difference between a pathological state of anxiety and a normal state of anxiety. The core manifestation of anxiety is experience of excessive anxiety, with other symptoms including: restlessness and agitation; tachycardia; sweating; gastrointestinal disorders; sleep disturbances; and the interference of normal productive activities of the patients every day life. Clinical conditions related to anxiety include phobic anxiety where anxiety is triggered by specific circumstances such as open spaces or spiders, and panic disorder which are attacks of overwhelming fear which occur in association with marked somatic symptoms such as sweating, tachycardia, chest pains, trembling, choking etc. The distinction between these conditions and generalised anxiety disorders is not well defined, and anxiolytic drugs are used to treat all of them. Animal Models Anxiety is a subjective human phenomenon and except for some of the associated somatic and autonomic changes, it has no obvious counterpart in experimental animals. In biological terms, anxiety may be
Struggle with Cocaine Addiction in Bright Lights, Big City.
Struggle with Cocaine Addiction in Bright Lights, Big City In the novel, Bright Lights, Big City, by Jay McInerney, You is the main character who battles drug addiction from cocaine. Cocaine alters many addicts' lives and You's life in the novel. You goes about his personal life and work life unaware that the vast problems that occur all stem from his addiction to cocaine. Cocaine addicts often confide in cocaine usage to motivate themselves in overwhelming and difficult issues in life. The difficult issues often deal with family, friends, and an individual's personal life or their work atmosphere. For You, cocaine offers the sense of acceptance that he is unable to find anywhere else. Also, among most cocaine addicts, they are able to confide in the drug to get them through hard times and help themselves escape into a fantasy world. From the extensive use of cocaine, You is able to escape the reality world into his fantasy world. However, the acceptance and confidence drug addicts, including You, find in cocaine is followed by ongoing psychological and physical effects. The countless days without sleep, gradual forgetfulness, the importance of cocaine over daily and work obligations, paranoia and anxiety, and masking the truth with lies are just a few effects that cocaine addicts and especially You endure. Cocaine is a dangerous and powerful drug that has been
Give an account of how the monoamines act as transmitters and their roles in function in the brain
Give an account of how the monoamines act as transmitters and their roles in function in the brain The monoamines are a group of neurotransmitters which contain only one amino acid. Examples of monoamines include the catecholamines dopamine and noradrenaline, and serotonin. They allow signals in the brain to be transmitted across the synapse from one neuron to the next; from signals of wanting and reward, to the motor control of muscles. One neurotransmitter has different functions in different parts of the brain through the action of different receptors for the same neurotransmitter. Whilst there may be several receptor proteins responsible for different functions, each monoamine has specific receptor proteins which it binds to and is thus able to affect the behaviour of the target cell. The signal sent is attenuated by reuptake of the monoamines by the transporters of the cell from which the signal was released, as well as break down by enzymes (Torres, Gainetdinov & Caron, 2003). Monoamines are mostly found in the limbic system; the primal brain areas which are responsible for basic needs, such as hunger and sex, as well as mood and emotion. In different areas of the brain monoamines have different functions, for example in the cortex dopamine plays a role in cognition; and in the hypothalamus it influences hormonal regulation. Noradrenaline and serotonin are very
Pathophysiology of health and disease
Pathophysiology Practical Name: Jamie Williams Student Number: ST07001388 Course: Sport Biomedicine and Nutrition Module: Pathophysiology Pathophysiology of Disease In this practical write up I will establish the haematological indices of a patient's blood, in order to determine how healthy the individual is. We can establish what diseases the patient is suffering from or what diseases they may suffer from due to the symptoms they are showing. 'Pathophysiology is the study of the disturbance of normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions, either caused by a disease, or resulting from a disease or abnormal syndrome, or condition that may not qualify to be called a disease'. (Kumar, V et al). More formally, it is the branch of medicine which deals with any disturbances of body functions, caused by disease or prodromal symptoms. Hematology is the branch of biology (physiology), pathology, clinical laboratory, internal medicine, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. Hermatology includes the study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of blood diseases. The lab work that goes into the study of blood is performed by a Medical Technologist. Blood diseases affect the production of blood and its components, such as blood cells, hemoglobin, blood proteins, the mechanism of
Biosimilars and recombinant drugs
. Biosimilars: Biopharmaceuticals are defined as protein drugs synthesized by recombinant biotechnology with the use of bacteria, virus, plant and animal cells. Biopharmaceuticals have created miracles in disease treatment since the time they have been launched and created wonders in the treatment of diseases which had no remedy earlier example orphan diseases (Nowicki, 2007). Biopharmaceuticals have been in use vastly since their emergence however, the expiration date of these drugs has become a huge concern in medical care. Biosimilars (In Europe) or Follow-on biologics (In USA) are biopharmaceuticals which resemble biopharmaceuticals in their activity, but differ in the physical and chemical properties. They are considered to be the cheaper versions of biopharmaceuticals and claimed to be tested to elicit similar biological activities as that of original biopharmaceuticals (Covic and Kuhlmann, 2007). Some of the first examples of Biosimilars available in the market include Omnitrope, biosimilar to Genotropin and Valtropin which is biosimilar to Humatrope (Nau, 2006; Burger, 2006). There are many Biosimilars being developed in the market which are waiting to be approved. POTENTIAL MERITS AND DEMERITS OF BIOSIMILARS: MERITS: Biosimilars had come as a boon to the biologists when there was a concern of biopharmaceuticals patent expiration. They are cheaper versions
Analysis of 3 Unknown Chemicals
Identification of Unknown Compounds in Organic Chemistry: #35A, #35B, and #35C 5-11-2012 Introduction There are many reasons for identifying an unknown compounds. The reasons range from medical purposes, such as determining if the unknown could cause ailments in living things or knowing what chemical compounds are needed to make antibiotics to other purposes such as knowing the exact compound has to be used to make certain foods. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the identity of unknown #35A, #35B, and #35C by making use of their physical characteristics, solubility tests, chemical classification tests, and spectroscopy data (Pavia, Lampman, Kriz, & Engel, 2006). First of all, a preliminary classification of the unknown compounds #35A, #35B, and #35C was done by recording the physical state, color, and odor of the unknown compounds. Following that, the melting point for unknown #35A and #35C was obtained; whereas, the boiling point for #35B was obtained due to its physical state, and solubility tests were performed as outlined the Figure 1. Figure 1. Solubility chart for compounds containing various functional groups (Pavia, Lampman, Kriz, & Engel, 2006). After that, the IR and NMR spectra were determined for the unknown compounds in order to provide more evidence for the preliminary results and confirm the identity of the unknown compounds #35A, #35B,
In light of reduced uptake of the triple MMR vaccination, how do we increase protection levels to WHO recommended levels (95%) and protect the revenues of XYZ Pharmaceuticals
Masters of Business Administration (MBA) Full-time Techniques In strategic Consultancy 2001-2002 session Professor: Dr Geoff Coyle In light of reduced uptake of the triple MMR vaccination, how do we increase protection levels to WHO recommended levels (95%) and protect the revenues of XYZ Pharmaceuticals Submitted by: Julie O'Brien Reviewed problem with: Andrew Garnett Lawrence Rosedale Contents Part A 3 Viable Firm Matrices 3 Purpose 3 Nature 3 Potential Uses 3 Part B 4 Introduction 4 Influence Diagram 4 TOWS Analysis 5 TOWS Potential Action Plan 6 Viable Strategy Matrix 7 Congruence Analysis 8 Resource Analysis 8 Force Field Analysis 10 Recomendations 11 Part C 12 Limitations and Benefits of the technique 12 Figures Figure 1 Viable Firm Matrix 3 Figure 2 Influence Diagram 5 Figure 3 TOWS analysis 6 Figure 4 Action Set from TOWS analysis 6 Figure 5 Assumptions Made To Create Action Plan 7 Figure 6 Action Plan Groups 7 Figure 7 Viable Strategy Matrix 8 Figure 8 Congruence Analysis 9 Figure 9 Resource Analysis 9 Figure 10 Force Field Analysis - Protection Levels 10 Figure 11 Force Field Analysis - Market Share 11 Part A Viable Firm Matrices Purpose The Viable Firm Matrix aids the identification of realistic ways forward for a complex problem. It does this by asking for the key factors involved in the problem to be