Missionary activity was the main reason for the growth of British interest in Africa in the late nineteenth century. Explain whether you agree or disagree.
Transfer-Encoding: chunked Missionary activity was the main reason for the growth of British interest in Africa in the late nineteenth century. Explain whether you agree or disagree. Missionaries were Christian explorers and evangelists who saw it as their duty to spread the word of God to the indigenous people of Africa. This is just one of many reasons for British interest in Africa during the late nineteenth century. Other factors include: Economics, strategic, european rivalries and the intrinsic need to further explore Africa. Missionaries wanted to explore Africa in order to spread the Christian teachings amongst the indigenous people. They not only saw this as their duty “Go into all the world and preach the Gospel to every creature” but they also believed it was possible amongst the ‘heathen’ people. A letter from British Foreign Office had stated that the indigenous people of East Africa were the most corporate of all Africans and wanted to learn ‘British values’. Explorer and missionary David Livingstone had been traveling through West Africa with the help of traders. From this, we could assume that many missionaries had wanted to explore Africa due to philanthropic principle but British traders for their own sake of finding new trade markets. Although missionary activity was a strong factor in the growth of British interest in Africa, economics
"The most important factor in Martin Luther's survival was Frederick the Wise" discuss
In the beginning, Martin Luther wasn’t under much threat for his life. In 1517, When he nailed his 95 theses to the door of the church, He was only seen as minor threat to the church. However, as his views began to spread the church began to notice. He was summoned to places all over Germany to argue his case and defend himself. One of the most famous was the Leipzig debate. This was the beginning of lathers full reformation of the church. It was only after this debate, that the Papal Bull of excommunication was given to Luther and he was received an imperial ban to from the Edict of Worms. After this point, Luther was in a lot of danger and many factors helped keep him and his ideas alive. One of the most important factors for Luther’s survival was Frederick the wise. Frederick III of Ernestine Saxony, commonly known as Frederick the Wise, was a key patron in the early days of Luther. Born in 1463, he became elector of saxony in 1486 when he succeeded his father. In 1502, Frederick founded the University of Wittenberg. This is where Luther began his teaching and the development of his ideas. This was the first crucial part of lathers survival. The university gave Luther the intellectual freedom and academic resources to develop his thinking about the catholic church. It allowed Luther to write his 95 theses as well as gain academic allies within Wittenberg. Despite not
How did Florentine 15th Century palaces reflect the concerns of their patrons?
How did Florentine 15th Century palaces reflect the concerns of their patrons? Florence in the 15th century was a republican city, so a key concern of the patrons was to make the palaces as evidently republican as possible. A celebration of superiority of one individual over others was inherently not republican, so the architecture of palaces such as the Medici palace (Michelelozzo), the Strozzi palace (Giuliano da Sangallo), the Rucellai palace (Alberti) and the Gondi palace (Giuliano da Sangallo) tried to reflect these values, whilst still trying to establish a sense of power. A key feature of this was that the palaces were trying to imitate the Medici palace, which itself was built in imitation of the state palace Palazzo Vecchio (Arnolfo di cambio). Patrons wanted to alignthemselves with the Medici as the medici were the most powerful family in florence, but at the same time had to be careful to show support for the state so as not to present themselves as a threat to the cities republican values. The location of the palaces are a key reflection of the patrons wanting to establish individual power, but also of the patrons wish to fit into the republican ideals of the city. For example, the Palazzo Medici (1445-60) was commissioned to be built near the Duomo, San Lorenzo, and San Marco, all of which had been previously commissioned by the Medici family. Because of the
Explain the factors which attracted European imperialism either to Africa or to Asia in the later nineteenth century.
In the late nineteenth century, the most powerful European nations harboured a compulsive desire for conquest, domination and exploitation in the African continent, in pursuit of empire during 'The Scramble for Africa'. Their struggle to get 'a place in the sun' involved the proliferation of conflicting European claims to African territory during the New Imperialism period, and was fuelled by a range of factors which varied with both the imperialist nation and the African colony. Among the primary factors for European imperialism in Africa were the grand economic prospects of opportunities for profitable investment, brilliant opportunities for trade with favourable market dynamics for the Metro pole and sources of cheap labour for industrial development. Raw materials were also readily in Africa in abundance. European Imperialism in Africa was also driven by rivalry among the superpowers. Conquest in the African continent also promised to confer prestige on the Imperialist nation, therefore European Imperialism promised to satisfy prevailing nationalist, liberal and jingoistic sentiments and interests of the period. Hence, it often emerged as a political priority, as it could diminish domestic discontent. Another prevalent factor of European Imperialism was based on the notion that the African continent was inhabited by relatively defenseless 'uncivilized' tribes and
How far was the First World War the main cause of the fall of the Romanovs in February 1917?
How far was the First World War the main cause of the fall of the Romanovs in February 1917? It could be argued that the First World War, which began in 1914 was the main reason for the fall of Tsarism in February 1917. However, there is more evidence to suggest that it was not in fact the war that lead to the downfall of the Tsar, but other factors such as the lack of effective leadership by the Tsar and the fact that the Duma, his appointed government, had little power to make change. One important reason why it could be seen that the First World War was the reason for the fall of Tsarism is the fact that in 1915 Nicholas left the Winter Palace and took direct command of the army. This meant he was blamed solely for Russia's failings in the war. Also, in doing this he left his wife, the Tsarina Alexandra, who was German and a monk, Rasputin in charge. This made Nicholas very unpopular with the Russian people, who believed that even though she had tried to 'become' Russian, by converting to the Russian Orthodox Church and adopting Russian customs, she was a spy. Rasputin was seen by the Russian people as a 'mad monk' and not to be trusted. Another way in which the fall of Tsarism could be seen as because of the First World War is the failings in the war, due to the lack of effective leadership and equipment. For example a duma report into the conditions in the army found
To What Extent Was Russia Modernised During the Personal Reign of Peter the Great? (1693-1725)
To What Extent Was Russia Modernised During the Personal Reign of Peter the Great? (1693-1725) Over the years, many historians have debated over whether or not Peter the Great was able to modernise Russia, some like Shcherbatov argue that “without Peter, Russia would have needed another two hundred years to reach its current level of developments” or if he just simply conducted enough reforms which allowed for the other Russian Emperors to modernise Russia. For us to say that Pater was able to modernise Russia it would mean that Russia would have to have similar standards of education and culture to that of other European powers. This lead to Peter conducting many reforms in administration, economy, education, church, cultural aspects of Russia, finance and the military. In this essay I will be investigating to what extent did Peter reform these areas and then I shall come to a conclusion on to what extent I believe Peter the Great was able to modernise his reign. Peter the Great had a very different childhood from that of previous Tsars before him. He grew up in the German province of Preobrazhenskoy this had a great effect on how he was as a leader of Russia, it was here that he saw the importance of education and even mocked the church in the drunken synod. But another effect of living in this area of Russia was the great influence from the west. This made Peter a
How far do the sources suggest that the days of the Raj were numbered?
Tyler Alexander – Arnold History Essay How far do the sources suggest that the days of the raj were numbered? The British Raj, also known as British rule over India beginning in 1858 and 1947 became a very controversial topic in households across India around the very early 1900’s. Britain introduced a lot of good things to India for example, democracy. Before British rule, India was governed by the Mughal Emperors, who were effectively dictators. The British introduced a system of multi-party democracy for India's various state councils and regional legislatures, whereby the people's representatives were elected by popular vote. Britain also introduced a modern, Western-style infrastructure to all aspects and levels of Indian affairs, which was far more efficient and sophisticated than the creaky, monolithic systems of the Mughal period. Administration improved at all levels of society. The British legal system was an improvement on what had gone before, as was the military infrastructure and health care system. Britain also provided India with modern technology, such as the railway network, electricity and, later, air transport. In short, Britain brought India into the modern world of the 19th / 20th Centuries, raising it from the Mediaeval trough of feudal domination it had been languishing in beforehand, and creating a new, humane and advanced system of running a
Why was there a reformation in Germany in the 16th century?
Why was there a reformation in Germany in the early 16th century? In 1500, the Roman church was all powerful in Western Europe, there was no legal alternative. The jealousy the Catholic Church held guarded its position. Anyone who was deemed to be against the Catholic Church would be named as a 'heretic' and would be burnt at stake. They did not tolerate any deviance, they did not want to be portrayed to be weak. The power that the Church contained had been built up over centuries and relied on the ignorance and the superstition of the population. It was indoctrinated into the people that the only way to heaven was via the church. A significant problem was that the church was corrupt. Even though priests, monks and nuns took vows of chastity, obedience and poverty – they weren't always kept. For example, some priests had children. Another issue was that the church was very wealthy. It would sell things, such as Saints' bones, hair or clothing. Divine intercession could be bought if you had lived a sinful life. They also made money by making rich people donate their land to build a cathedral, monastery or abbey on it if they had done something sinful. There was s social division between the clergy and the laity, this division was tense and extensive. The clergy had spiritual power of saying mass. When a priest says mass, bread and wine are changed into the body and blood of
To What Extent Can The Establishment Of The Crusader States From 1099 1118 Be Attributed To The Leadership Of Tancred And Baldwin I?
Ben Jacques ________________ To What Extent Can The Establishment Of The Crusader States From 1099 – 1118 Be Attributed To The Leadership Of Tancred And Baldwin I The Crusader States were a true sign that the first crusade had been a success, against all the odds the Franks had captured the holy land and kept it safe from Muslim attackers. The fact that the States survived for so long with a fraction of the force they had is also surprising, their establishment can be attributed to a number of factors such as the leadership of Tancred and Baldwin I, Muslim disunity, military superioirity. Baldwin and Tancred were both leaders of the crusaders at a greatly prosperous time. They defeated attacks from both of the Muslim factions numerous times and were great commanders and kept the crusader state safe from attack. For example the battles of Ramlah show how Baldwin was able to defeat a much larger Muslim force in defence of Jerusalem and the other crusader states. They also succeeded in expanding the crusader states, for example in 1101 Baldwin captured Arsuf and Caesarea and Tancred expanded Antioch capturing land off the Byzantines. Tancred was also victorious in the Battle of Artah defeating Ridwan with 30,000 men; this “marked a watershed in the history of the northern Crusader states”. This is not to say however that they were perfect rulers, mistakes and lack of
The acquisition of Granada in 1492 was the most important factor in securing Isabella and Ferdinands authority in Spain in the early years of their reign. To what extent do you agree with this view?
The acquisition of Granada in 1492 was the most important factor in securing Isabella and Ferdinand’s authority in Spain in the early years of their reign. To what extent do you agree with this view? The Communeros were groups of rebels composed mostly of townspeople, but also including some clergy and nobles. The revolts erupted in the northern town of Castile sparked by Charles demands for funds from the Cortes to support his bid for the crown of the Holy Roman Empire. The Communeros revolt overlapped with that of the Germania, albeit in different states of Spain, making it a more dangerous revolt than it might otherwise have been. It was also more serious because a number of revolts broke out in different places at similar times. There were a range of factors and events that led to the outbreak of the Communeros revolt beginning in May of 1520, only to end with defeat at the battle of Vilalar in 1521. One of these was that Charles I was basically a foreigner to the Spaniards and remained so for most of his reign. Kilsby quotes a contemporary writer saying, ‘amongst Spaniards, no foreigner is accounted of importance’. Charles ‘foreignness’ made them anxious about where his loyalties lay and how much he knew about Spain and its people. He spoke no Spanish at first and he had few Spanish advisers in his retinue. In addition, many of the officials appointed were
