How important were the events at Mnster 1534-5 in causing the failure of the Radical Reformation ?
How important were the events at Münster 1534-5 in causing the failure of the Radical Reformation? Münster played a big role in causing the failure of the Radical Reformation but was not the sole reason. Münster was an example of how a town could be overridden by a few people who preached what the authorities wanted to hear. It was the actions of the few involved that truly set off the destruction of the Radical Reformation. It was, however, not the only reason as the Radical Reformation and the Anabaptists were doomed from the start. It was in the very essence of Anabaptism that caused them to be persecuted and things were only made worse with their belief in 'nachfolge' (salvation through suffering). There were so many different groups that the only reason they were called the 'Anabaptists' was that they all loosely believed in adult baptism, with the rest of their beliefs varying. Also, they seemed so much of a threat that the Catholics and Protestants thought that they should band together to fight them off. Yes, the Anabaptists never had a chance. So what happened at Münster? Well, in 1531 the Catholic Bishop had been run out of the town by Lutheran preachers who began to start reforming the town. Then in January 1534 Anabaptist missionaries visited and baptised many of the Lutheran Town Council. By February an Anabaptist council had been elected and when
Aboriginal Rights and Freedom
Ever since British fleets first landed on Australia, the Aborigines were faced with a problem. The new settlers did not recognise them as owners of the land as they did not develop it, but had instead roamed amongst it. The Aborigines had faced discrimination, oppression and violence. After federation, however, their rights and freedoms began to change dramatically throughout the 20th Century. Through that period of time, the Australian government has created and implemented policies concerning the Indigenous population, decisions which had all been made for their own good. These policies have included Protection, Assimilation, Integration, Self-determination and finally, Reconciliation. It is now clear that none of these policies have actually made the condition of Australia's Indigenous people any better than it was prior to the invasion. Assimilation (1940s -1960s): In order for Aboriginal peoples to be `worthy' of full citizenship, they had to completely give up their traditional lifestyle and live and think as white people. During the assimilation period some Aboriginal people, who were considered of worthy character, had an appropriate work ethic who were no longer associated with Aboriginal people,were granted exemption from laws that banned them from hotels and cafes, and from being in town after dark. Such people were granted an Exemption Certificate, or `Dog Tag',
To what extent did Hitler succeed in creating a genuine volksgemeinschaft?
Using the evidence of the three sources above, and your own knowledge, to what extent did Hitler succeed in creating a genuine volksgemeinschaft? Volksgemeinschaft means "People's Community". This meant that there was to be "no individual person, whether he stands at the top or bottom of society, can possess the right to make use of this freedom at the cost of the national concept of freedom. For only the security of the national concept of freedom makes safe the continuation of his personal freedom." This suggests that all individuals represent the community and are the same, therefore whatever they do; good or bad will affect the whole community. Hitler wanted Germans who were genetically pure to come together into one Community to be the superior dominating race. Those in Germany, who were not ethnically German, such as Communists and Jews, would be excluded from this community. But this also included Germans who were mentally ill and social outcasts. They would be put in concentration camps and removed from any high office and discriminated against. Volksgemeinschaft also involved a sense of hyper-Nationalism and racism in that Hitler wanted people to believe that they should be proud to be part of the Volksgemeinschaft. He carried out various methods in order to succeed with the creation of a genuine Volksgemeinschaft. Therefore, in the following essay I will be arguing
The colonists of Jamestown had to overcome many hardships upon their arrival. They were confronted with Indian conflicts, environmental factors, starvation, and diseases; which contributed to many of their deaths.
Kyra Connelly 12/19/11 DBQ Essay With hopes that an American colony would solve their debt problems and they would be able to have religious freedom, over 100 passengers on three English ships carried the sailors through the waters of the Chesapeake Bay to Jamestown, Virginia. On May 13, 1607, they arrived with the hope of building a new life in America, teaching Christianity, and finding a new route to China. What they didn't realize were the hardships they would have to suffer in order to establish the first permanent English settlement in America. Many such adversaries that made life much more difficult were things such as starvation and disease, environmental factors, and conflicts with the Indians that awaited them. When the colonists first arrived, their food supply ran out, and they believed that the Indians would help them. However, they did not because they were they were angered by Francis West's actions while he was trying to trade corn with the Patawomeke Indians. The colonists soon realized that they would need to grow their own crops in order to survive; however, they were soon faced with what the settlers called "starving time." During the winter of 1609 through 1610, Jamestown was faced with a drought. Without water, the crops were unable to grow which led to hunger, starvation, and death. When there were crops to tend to, the water levels were too weak to
What has been the overall effect of the westernisation of the Eu Ura Wau Wau Tribe?
Geography Essay What has been the overall effect of the westernisation of the Eu Ura Wau Wau Tribe? Brazil's population was increasing so much that the Brazilian government started to give free land to Brazilian people. This land was in the Amazon Rainforest were Indian tribes, such as the Eu Ura Wau Wau tribe,lived.Hundred's of families a day were being given hundred acres of forest each and this caused deforestation meaning they cut down the forest. This meant that the rainforest was decreasing rapidly and the Indian tribe's habit was being destroyed by westerners. Eu Ura Wau Wau tribe live and sleep under trees. They are a hunter gather tribe which means they move on after a few days to a different part of the forest. They use arrows to hunt and their huts look like this: The Brazilian government were given away so much forest that the tribe were losing the forest quickly and their habitat. People who were given the land were mostly farmers and they deforested the forest. The tribe and its leader decided to attack and kidnapped and killed some children in their home. The tribe shoot arrows at the family and killed to sons and kidnapped the youngest. The tribe were angry because they believed that it was their forest and they wanted to keep the forest indicted and this was not possible while the Brazilian government continued to hand out forest to families each day.
Tribal Studies Sioux Indians
THE SIOUX HISTORY AND INITIATIONS The Sioux are one of the most commonly known tribes of Native Americans in the world. Their image was often used for many movies and television shows, and their pictures and paintings were used to show people around the world, what Indians looked like. The Sioux could be considered as the prototype of Indians in North America. However, this tribe is more than just one clan; these peoples were divided into three main tribes who lived in the northern plains of North America; the Dakota to the east, the Yankton in the middle, and finally the Lakota to the west, and each of these divided into subunits correspondingly. They came from Asia about 3,000 years ago and their features resembled those of the Japanese or Chinese. The word Sioux was given to these people by the Frenchmen, who degraded the word "Natawesiwak" from the Chippewa (Ojibiwa) tribe. The word Sioux meant "enemy" or "snake", even though the Sioux called themselves Dakota, which meant "friendly" and "ally". The Sioux followed a nomadic lifestyle since they were often moving from place to place and did not have a stable area were they lived. Their movement was mainly influenced by the migration of the buffalo. It was also the buffalo one of their most important sources of food and material; they used their skins to build clothes, tepees, and moccasins. Their horns were also useful
Winnebago Tribe Of NebraskaAt the time of first contact with Europeans in 1634, the Winnebago tribe inhabited Red Banks, the South Shore of what is now
Winnebago Tribe Of Nebraska At the time of first contact with Europeans in 1634, the Winnebago tribe inhabited Red Banks, the South Shore of what is now Green Bay, Wisconsin (Radin 1990). Although it appears that the tribe migrated into the area during the second of four Siouan migrations from the East, the tribe has no migration stories. The Winnebago tribe asserts that their people originated at Green Bay. All other locations mentioned within the tribe's creation stories are also located in modern day Wisconsin. The tribe is thought to have migrated to the area along with the Iowa, Oto, and Missouri tribes. Sometime after the 16th century, they were isolated from other Siouan groups and formed their own distinct way of life. As is common throughout Native American history, the name given to the Winnebago by Europeans is the name used through another tribe of people when referring to them. "Winnebago" is not what the tribe initially called themselves, but what their neighbors, the Algonquin peoples and the tribe's geographical neighbors, called them. Many similarities exist between the two groups as a result of their close proximity. Prior to contact, the Winnebago's called themselves "Hotcangara," which has been interpreted to mean "big fish people" by tribal observers. The Winnebago tribe, and their geographical area are associated with numerous effigy earth mounds. During
In calling the first crusade, Urban 2nd was primarily motivated by a desire to extend the power of the papacy. Discuss
Transfer-Encoding: chunked “In calling the first crusade, Urban 2nd was primarily motivated by a desire to extend the power of the papacy”. How far do you agree? In the troubled times of the late eleventh century, there was likely many reason why the pope felt the need to launch a crusade. One of which may have been due to his wish to enhance papal authority in the West as part of the investiture contest with the German Emperor and the anti-pope Clermont 3rd. However smaller reasons may have also come into play such to ensure easier access for pilgrims to the Holy places. Another major reason may have been motivated by a desire to aid Byzantium thus reuniting the Latin and Greek churches of Rome and Constantinople, which were the only major religious places not taken over by the rule of Islam. Pope Urban 2nd was handed the papacy at a very difficult time. The former glory of the papacy had fallen on dark times and the church was fragmented with barely a fraction of the power it had beforehand. However Urban wanted better than this and the Crusade was his cunning plan to once again extend the power of the papacy. The fragmentation of the church was due to a series of events before his time. As Pope Gregory the 7th had a major degeneration in relation with Henry 4th, Emperor of Germany. This was because Gregory was a very pious man and did not agree with many of the
Why were the Normans able to extend their control over southern Italy and Sicily so successfully between 1050 and 1100?
Transfer-Encoding: chunked Why were the Normans able to extend their control over southern Italy and Sicily so successfully between 1050 and 1100? In the fifty years following 1050, the Normans made great advances in both southern Italy and Sicily. These successes cannot be solely put down to one factor but instead an accumulation. The Normans were well known for their ferocity in battle being direct descendants of Vikings. Their prowess in battle was only elevated by the fact that the peoples of southern Italy were deeply divided contrasting the unity of the Normans. Some may also put the Normans success down to fortuitous chance. Firstly, the Normans success can be put down to their military superiority. Despite the fact that Cavalry were extremely difficult to reorganise after a charge and it is possible that the numbers and the effects of horsemen have been exaggerated, the impact has not and in battle it was truly impressive, the Normans ability to coordinate land and Sea attacks further supplemented their success. The calibre of the Norman troops was also not to be scoffed at, and their services at this time were in high demand, proving their reputation of strength in battle. Yet this was not always positive as this could lead to Normans pitched both sides of the Battlefield, as was the case during the crucial siege of Bari in 1071. However it is likely that these
'Enlightened and tolerant of religious difference.' How far does this statement accurately describe Sicily under Roger II and his successors up to 1189?
Transfer-Encoding: chunked 'Enlightened and tolerant of religious difference.' How far does this statement accurately describe Sicily under Roger II and his successors up to 1189? Sicily during this time period was generally a quite accepting place, with Roger II and his successors seeming encouraging increased multiculturalism and acceptance of Greeks, Muslims and Jews. This can be seen in the contrasts of art and culture to Northern Europe and the new laws and administration that were introduced, especially by Roger II. Although Roger was in fact a Norman Christian this did greatly influence the way in which he governed, under this new type of leadership, tolerant of difference, Sicily thrived becoming a modern-like state. It may be argued that the title statement is accurate of Sicily as at this time even though Roger was a Christian and thus Christianity dominated the island, the art and culture present shows a great tolerance and even reliance on other religions and cultures. As with most middle age Christian kings, many churches were built across the island, however the difference lies within the styling of the churches. Roger merged Muslim and Byzantine art with that of Christianity on several occasion within many prominent and famous buildings. We can see this merging of different artistic ideologies on Roger the II’s coronation mantle, featuring a lion killing
