Explain the meaning of the term "causation"
Explain the meaning of the term “causation” Sometimes the defendant’s actions have to result in a particular consequence. These are known as result crimes; an example would be assault occasioning actual bodily harm, where the conduct is assault and the result ABH. The rules of causation decide whether the defendants act caused the prohibited consequence. The court must establish both causation in fact, and causation in law. To determine factual causation, the “but for” test is used. This says that but for the defendants conduct, would the victim have suffered the harm. An example of the but for test would be in R v White, where the defendant put cyanide into his mothers drink, however she died of heart failure before the cyanide could affect her. The but for test showed she would have died regardless of him putting cyanide into her drink, so there was no factual causation. Once factual causation has been established, the court must then establish legal causation. This asks whether the defendant made a significant contribution to the injury. In R v Blaue a Jehovah ’s Witness was stabbed and refused a blood transfusion, that would have saved her life. She later died, and the defendant was found guilty as he made a significant contribution to her death. If a victim acts in a foreseeable way such as in R v Roberts, where a woman was being sexually abused and
The Trade Description Act 1986
The Trade Description Act 1986 The Trade Description Act 1986 is to prohibit wrong descriptions of goods, services and accommodation; to prohibit false indications of the price of goods and to require information to be published about advertised goods. The Trade Descriptions Act 1968 ensures that descriptions of goods, prices and services are accurate and not misleading. The Act makes it illegal for a trader to give a false description to goods, to supply goods that have been incorrectly described, and to make false statements about goods or services. The Act gives details about what constitutes a trade description, including: * Quantity, size or gauge of goods * Method of manufacture, production, processing or reconditioning of goods * Composition of goods * The fitness for purpose, strength, performance, behaviour or accuracy of goods * Any other physical characteristics of goods * A statement that goods have been tested and approved A trade description can be given verbally, in writing, by illustration or by implication. A false or wrong description of a good is an offence, even if the offence was committed unintentionally. The mis-description of the good or service is an offence only if the description was false at the time it was made, and if the trader knew that the description was false or made the description without due diligence. Trade Union Reform
Occupiers Liability
Occupiers
For instance, The Proclamation of 1763 forces us to pay for troops sent in to prevent us from moving west of the Appalachians.
Dear King of England, I do not feel that the taxes from Britain are justified. First, because as a colonist I think it's only fair that the taxes be passed onto us by someone that we elected, and not by British representation. For instance, The Proclamation of 1763 forces us to pay for troops sent in to prevent us from moving west of the Appalachians. It doesn't make sense since we've claimed a lot of the land in the west already. Secondly, the Stamp Act and the Townsend Act's are taxing us on items just to get us to pay more to support Britain. The Townsend Act created Writs of Assistance that allows a ship's cargo to be inspected for no legal reason and I also think that is unfair. The same goes for the Quartering Act, which I think is an indirect way for you to tax us by asking us to supply necessities for British soldiers stationed here. In response to the taxation mentioned above, I am proud to be a part of the colonists who agreed to boycott Boston products, which will prevent a loss of sales to Britain. We will create slogans against taxes, which are paintings that will show British soldiers being tarred and feathered, hung, and anything else that will only create more anger in the colonies. We have created a non-importation agreement that we encourage our merchants to promise to stop importing goods taxed by the Townsend Act. Groups have formed Sons and Daughters
Selected Process: Person Specification, A sheet of the desirable criteria(Tick sheet) Criteria Tick if Yes
Task One Preparing for the interview . Type of interview: One-to-one interview Location: C108 at Filton College Main Campus Date: 11/01/05 Time: 3.00pm 2. Selected Process: Person Specification, A sheet of the desirable criteria (Tick sheet) Criteria Tick if Yes Knowledge of general health and safety, strong leadership, is able to take on high pressure, good head for figures and ability to communicate with people in different situations The requirements for this role are that you have 2 years experience as head chef and advanced hygiene certificate. Willing to undertake 2 months of training Applicant must be within the age range of 20 -30yrs Questions: . What made you apply for this position? Open 2. Where did you see this advertisement for this job? Closed 3. What was your last job? And could you explain some of your work history? Open 4. Do you have experience? Have you had a job in something similar to this one? Closed 5. Can you give me an example of your ability to manage or supervise? Open 6. Do you describe for me one or two of your most accomplishments? Open 7. Why do you think we should hire you? Open 8. Why do you want to work here? Open 9. Are you willing to undertake 2 months of training? Closed 0. Is there any questions you would like to ask me? Open 4. When interviewing my candidates I have to abide by the following legislations: -
Marbury v. Madison
Leah Armbruster Block 2 3-16-05 Marbury v. Madison . Name and Citation of Case. Marbury v. Madison 5 U.S. 137 (1803) 2. Facts: What happened? The case of Marbury v. Madison began on March 2, 1801. The Justices in the case were: William Cushing, William Paterson, Samuel Chase, Bushrod Washington, Alfred Moore, John Marshall, William Johnson, Gabriel Duvall, Joseph Story, Smith Thompson, John McLean, Henry Baldwin, and James M. Wayne. The case began when William Marbury was appointed the position as a justice of the peace in Washington D. C. by John Adam's in the final days of his presidency. Because it was his final days of the presidency, these appointments were not finalized. The appointees became distraught at this confusion, and they invoked an act of Congress and sued for their jobs in the Supreme Court. The case of Marbury v. Madison was argued on February 11, 1803, and was decided on February 24, 1803. 3. Procedural of History: What did the original court decide? Who appealed to the appellate court? What was the decision of the appelate court? Who appealed to the Supreme Court? In the case of Marbury v. Madison the case was taken directly to the Supreme Court. William Marbury declared an act of Congress, and took sued for their jobs in the Supreme Court. The case Marbury v. Madison was decided by Supreme Court Chief Justice Marshall, in February of
Companies Internal and External Relations
COMPANIES INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL RELATIONS (7/11/02) Within certain limits companies may act the same way as a natural person. However, the question of who may act in order to commit the company is amore complex than in the case of a natural person. The latter act purely by themselves for themselves. This is because a natural person is an 'indivisible' being. Companies are 'composite' beings, they act through their organs. (directors, secretary, shareholders). Therefore the question "who does what" or rather "who is entitled to do what" inevitably arises in the context of the company. This in turn raises the issue of external relations within the company. This shows that the relations between the organs themselves also have legal consequences. These are the internal relations of the company. Internal Relations To what extent must those who act for the company take account of the other organs' interests. More particularly to what extent must the directors take account for shareholders interest? The answer is that the directors must act exclusively in the interests if the company. The interests of individual shareholders must not take precedence over his obligations. If the directors are thought to have failed in this duty, it will be the company as a person, and not individual shareholders, who can take action against them. If the company fails to take any action that
Can we agree that if the death penalty is right then it is also good and if it is wrong, it is also bad
Can we agree that if the death penalty is right then it is also good and if it is wrong, it is also bad? Of course, our first concern should be, what does the Bible teach about the state putting people to death? If we can ascertain that then it doesn't matter what philosophers, theologians, sociologists, criminologists and weeping, whining and whimpering liberals have to say about the subject. Genesis 9:6 clearly teaches that if a man sheds another person's blood, then his life will be taken by the government. Moses wrote, "whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed: for in the image of God made he man." When a person premeditatedly takes a life, he not only assaults society but attacks God since man was made in His image. For those who accept the Bible as binding on what we believe and practice, that should settle the issue. Advantage: justice, retribution, it's what the people want Disadvantage: possibility of miscarriages of justice Advantage: Justice, Safety, Law and Order Disadvantage: Innocents could be wrongly accused, Not enough evidence to commit someone Advantage: Deterrent to murderers Disadvantage: Might kill innocent person Advantage: Less murderers and rapists, You need more than that?, Taxes spent on things that deserve it Disadvantage: Not a brilliant deterrent, Innocent people Advantage: justice, retribution, it's what the people
Mediation is a type of alternative dispute solving when two parties try to reach a compromise solution with the help of third neutral party.
Mediation Mediation is a type of alternative dispute solving when two parties try to reach a compromise solution with the help of third neutral party. Positive Parties are in control No public access Cheaper then court Usually quicker then court No adversarial conflict No winner/looser result Everybody wins (if the agreement is reached) Even if mediation fales the trial in the court is going to be quicker because some of the issues have been discussed during mediation Negative If conflict is not solved parties still have to go to court Successful mediation requires a high skilled mediator that sometimes doesn't happen During mediation third party does not play an active role in suggesting a solution. A mediator will not usually tell parties his/her own view. The vital role of mediation is that the agreement is reached by the parties. The other important point of mediation is that the parties are in control: they make the decisions. Mediation services: Centre of Dispute Resolution (London) typical cost of mediator is £1000-£1500.West Kent Independent Mediation Service. The service is free and run by the trained volunteer. Online Dispute Resolution
Original Writing Coursework: An Out Of Body Experience.
HOW DARE YOU REJECT MY WORK, IT'S A DOWN RIGHT DISGRACE AND I SHALL INFORM THE AUTHORITITES AT ONCE - YOU WILL BE TERMINATED! ACT: 88540 DATE:
