Urban Transportation
Transportation in the 19th Century During the first half of the 19th century, improvements in transportation developed rather quickly. Roads, steamboats, canals, and railroads all had a positive effect on the American economy The movement of people and goods from place to place is known as transportation . Together with communication-the movement of ideas-transportation has been essential in bringing about the integration of regions and nations into a single world community. The development of urban transportation has not changed with the cities; cities have changed with transportation . In the early years of transportation it was the mass transit of horse and buggies or electric rail cars that shaped cities. Then as the automobile became affordable to the public, personal transportation redefined the city as 5 Modes of Transportation In order to have easy mobility of persons and goods, it is necessary to have a sophisticated and widespread transportation system. This system is made up of five primary areas of transportation , which are: · Motor vehicles · Railroad transportation · Air transportation · Water transportation · Pipelines Urban Transportation The development of urban transportation has not changed with the cities; cities have changed with transportation. In the early years of transportation it was the mass transit of horse and buggies or electric rail
The Constitution declares that the executive power shall reside in the president and mentions "executive departments," but it does not go into detail
Devlyn Brisson The Presidency Dr. Fistek The Role of the Executive Branch The Constitution declares that the executive power shall reside in the president and mentions "executive departments," but it does not go into detail about the structure or organization of the president's branch of government (Pfiffner, James 118). The Constitution grants the president limited powers, which is a good thing because we're not looking for an authoritarian leader to run our country. In this paper I will discuss the powers of the executive branch, how he faithfully executes laws, and what powers the president has that is associated with his branch. Article II Section I of the United States Constitution states, "The executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America." The president has many roles and performs many duties. As chief executive, the president makes sure that federal laws are enforced (World Book). To achieve this, the executive administers the prisons and the police force and prosecutes criminals in the name of the state (Wikipedia Encyclopedia). As commander in chief of the nation's armed forces, the president is responsible for our national defense (World Book). He is also the director of foreign policy, which means he determines the United States relations with other nations. As head of a political party, the president sets the tone for the
The US President is more powerful as a world statesman than the UK Prime Minister. Discuss.
The US President is more powerful as a world statesman than the UK Prime Minister. Discuss. I believe this theory poses the premise that due to the US President's singular role as Head of State he is more powerful than the UK Prime Minister as a world leader and statesman. Though the original intentions of America's founding fathers did not include the role of the President in terms of foreign affairs, the executive office of the twentieth century now plays a major role in the creation of international policies. However the UK Prime Minister's role as a world statesman cannot be underestimated. Not bound by a written constitution one could say that the PM is more free to develop his role as an international policy maker. In 1936 with occurrence of the United States of America vs. Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation it was clearly identified that the "President alone has the power to speak or listen as a representative of the nation." The President's role in foreign affairs however has developed from something not even envisaged by the original doctrines to something which is integral to the executive office. The President must accept the duty to represent the USA in international relations. Often this can be to maintain national unity as in the case of Nixon in Vietnam (1972). The latter example outlining the often bitter controversy which surrounds the President when making
Compare and contrast the extent to which the Cabinet has an important part to play in the respective Executives of the UK and USA.
2002 C) Compare and contrast the extent to which the Cabinet has an important part to play in the respective Executives of the UK and USA. The extent to which the Cabinet has an important part to play in the executives of the UK and USA can be assessed by looking at what is suppose to be the case in theory of the role of the Cabinet's within the Executives and what they actually are in practices. In the UK the entire Cabinet is collectively suppose to make decisions and decide on policy. The Prime Minister originally was the Chair of Cabinet meetings, and 'Primus Inter Pares', meaning first among equals. Many will argue however that this is not the case in practice as the PM in recent decades has developed a 'Presidential style' of governing, and a singular executive, similar to that of the President of the United States. The President of the U.S. has 'ministers' to advise him, in other words a Cabinet, however he is suppose to over see everything and make decisions, and policy by himself/herself. The fact that the Cabinet in the UK is drawn from the legislature means that it has a major role to play in the legislature, not least in the organisation of legislation. The PM however some would claim has been seen to override the rights of the Cabinet and thus lower the importance of the Cabinet while making decisions on legislation and policy in recent years. This was seen
McCulloch vs. Maryland
Charles Lien Parnell - 5th AP US History McCulloch vs. Maryland John Marshall was a prominent figure in the history of the United States as the man who helped shape the Supreme Court to the power it is today. His decisions strengthened the power of the federal government in period of growth for our new nation and established a greater purpose for the Supreme Court. Born September 24, 1755 in Virginia, he went on to attend the college of William and Marry, which became his only formal education. Early in the revolutionary war, he served under the Third Virginia Continental Regiment, rising through the ranks to lieutenant and captain. After the war, he settled back in Virginia to become a lawyer. He became active in the Virginia House of delegates and also the leader of the Federalists party there, rivaling Thomas Jefferson. In 1797, Adams sent him to France with two others for negotiations, which erupted into the XYZ affair. He became known for his steadfastness in refusing to pay bribes. In 1799, he is elected into the House of Representatives and the following year, Adams appoints him as Secretary of State. Before Adams term is over in 1801, he appoints Marshall as one of the "midnight judges," where Marshall becomes Chief Justice beginning his reign and contributions to the court. One of Marshall's major rulings came with McCulloch vs. Maryland. The basis of the case
Evaluate the claim that the Senate is far more powerful than the House of Representatives within congress
Evaluate the claim that the senate is far for powerful than the House of Representatives within congress (30 marks) When the founding fathers set out the powers and limits of the House of Representatives and the Senate, they created a bicameral system with power shared between the two houses. Whilst it would be ideal for the 2 houses to have equal power and status, it is often argued that The Senate is more powerful than the House of Representatives. Is the Senate more prestigious and important in status and are Senators more powerful than Representatives? Some would argue not, The House of Representatives and Senate whilst each having exclusive powers, also have equal and concurrent powers in the passing of legislature, this makes the two houses equal unlike the bicameral legislative system in the UK. This equal sharing of power as set out by the Framers shows that Senate isn't more important than the House of Representatives in the passing of legislature. Another argument for the equality of the House of Representatives and The Senate is the parallelism of the powers each house has in the initiation of constitutional amendments. The process and weighting of the decision of each house is the same, meaning that the two Houses are equal with neither the Senate nor House of Representatives being more powerful. The House of Representatives and Senate are also equal in the
What are the differences between the Judiciary in the UK and the US?
What are the differences between the Judiciary in the UK and the US? One of differences between the judiciaries is the branch of government responsible for interpreting and enforcing the law. In the United States the judiciary is known as the Supreme Court and in the UK it is known as the Judiciary. This essay attempts to highlight the differences in both of the judiciaries. One of the key differences in the judiciaries of the US and the UK is that the Supreme court is seen as more of a political body, with courts being described as either conservative or liberal. In the UK there is an argument that judges are meant to be non-political and are neutral which means there is an absence of bias amongst judges, either in favour of or against a political party, providing for independent decision making by the judiciary. Judicial neutrality important in order for justice to be fair and impartial. Having said this, most judges selected are from public schools and Oxbridge backgrounds, leading many to believe that they're conservative in their outlook. Another difference between the courts is that judges are appointed to the Supreme Court through presidential nominees and the senate confirms this decision. The nomination process tends to be rather political as many presidents tent to appoint their political allies to gain a political advantage, such as Nixon whom tried to
To what extent has the Constitution protected civil liberties in America?
Roz Cresswell To what extent has the constitution protected civil liberties in America? The constitution is only partially successful in protecting civil liberties. At first sight there are three main ways through the constitution that are used successfully to protect American civil liberties; a codified constitution, an entrenched constitution and the protection by the Supreme Court. However, it can be said that the constitution does not protect everyone and there are many examples of its failure to protect civil liberties. Three examples of this are in the period that followed 9/11, particularly regarding the foreigners or in the case of the African Americans in general. The American constitution protects civil liberties to the extent that it is a codified constitution, which states a list of specific rights, which are included in the Bill of Rights. The language used in simple and easy to read which ensures that most Americans are able to understand and be aware of their own rights. An example of how the constitution protects can be seen in the 1st Amendment. It states a guarantee of basic rights, which include: freedom of speech, religion, press and assembly. This protects an American's right to freedom and allows them to express them selves in anyway they want. Another more controversial amendment is 2nd Amendment, where it states ''a well regulated Militia, being
Presidential Elections
Presidential Elections Overview The US presidential election is seen as the election of the world's biggest super power. The presidential election takes place over a year long event in which voters start by having the chance to say who they would like to see as the major parties' candidates. Issues such as democracy, campaign finance and the role of the media are raised. There is also the question of how a system devised more than 2 centuries ago as an indirect election has been adapted to become a direct election and questions were also raised when in 2000 a candidate won the presidential election despite receiving less votes than their opponent. . When do presidential elections occur? A president serves for 4 years. This is a fixed term, meaning that the president serves for 4 years until the next election. A president can serve a maximum of 2 terms. The fact that there is a presidential election every four years is laid down in article 2 of the constitution. But federal law goes even further and states the election shall be held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November every fourth year. 2. What are the requirements for presidential candidates? To run as a presidential candidate there are a number of requirements which include being a natural born American, being at least thirty-five years old. A fourteen year residency qualification and they also must not
Federalism: a form of world government.
FEDERALISM: A FORM OF WORLD GOVERNMENT Federalism denotes a form of decentralised government where legally at least the component parts of the federation (states, provinces, Länder or cantons) have statehood of their own and often have historically existed prior to the federation. The central body is frequently called the federal government. The precise allocation of responsibilities and powers varies infinitely. The USA, Canada, Australia, Germany and Switzerland are examples of federal arrangements. The UK is not a federation although every so often proposals are made for varying degrees of devolution that might inevitably lead to a federal arrangement. The European Union is not a federation because the Union institutions are supreme in the restricted fields over which the Member States irrevocably granted them jurisdiction, making the EU a supranational body. The European Court of Justice decides points of Community Law applicable in all the member states. In modern times however, there has been discussion amongst observers of the prospect that constant enlargement may well mean that a federal arrangement would be required to cope with the diversity of views and cultures at national level. The birth of the federal state coincides with the foundation, in 1787 of the American Federation. The text of the Constitution of the United States of America approved by the
