Effect of enzyme concentration on rate of reaction
Title : Effect of enzyme concentration on rate of reaction Objective : To investigate the effect of enzyme concentration on rate of reaction Introduction : Enzyme A catalyst is a substance which speeds up the rate of reaction without changing the product and is left unchanged at the end of the reaction1. An enzyme is a biological catalyst that catalyses metabolic reactions in your body such as digestion and respiration. At any time, many reactions are occurring simultaneously in our bodies. There are two types of reaction that is the anabolic reaction and the catabolic reaction. An anabolic reaction is a reaction that results in the formation of a substance from two or more substrate molecules while a catabolic reaction is a reaction that involves the breakdown of a substance into two or more product molecules. A combination of biochemical reactions like these are known as metabolism.. Enzyme action can be intracellular that is within cells or extracellular that is outside cells. Extracellular enzymes such as digestive enzymes are effective in the digestive tract while intracellular enzymes are found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts in cells.2 Enzymes are complex proteins which have are made of several polypeptide chains joined together. Enzymes have a tertiary or quaternary structure which is held together by bonds such as hydrogen bonds,
The effect of temperature on the hydrolysis of starch using amylase extracted from barley.
Sasha Caddy, RM11. 20/01/04 The effect of temperature on the hydrolysis of starch using amylase extracted from barley Interpretation of results: Enzymes are a class of proteins that catalyse chemical reactions, which increases the rate of a metabolic reaction. Most enzymes are specific, working on a particular or class of reactions. In this case I am using an enzyme known as amylase (a group of enzymes which convert starch to sugar), which is an important metabolic enzyme. Amylase is found in various parts of the body including the saliva of the parotid gland and the pancreas, e.g. ptyalin, which aids in the digestion of carbohydrates by speeding up specific digestive processes taking place from the mouth to the small intestines. However, in this experiment we are using amylase which has been extracted from barley. The function of amylase is to catalyze (to modify the rate of a chemical reaction by catalysis) the hydrolysis (decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water) of starch into glucose. Starch is a mixture of two compounds; amylose and amylopectin, both of these molecules are polymers which contain a large, variable number of a-glucose molecules linked to each other by condensation. Amylase acts on starch, which is a polysaccharide (a class of carbohydrates; starch, consisting of a number of twenty-five monosaccharides) and breaks it down into
effect of concentration of copper sulphate on the action of amylase to break down starch.
Biology Coursework Abstract In this investigation I am going to explore the effect of concentration of copper sulphate on the action of amylase to break down starch. Copper sulphate is a very common chemical that can be used in a lot of different areas, but little has been discussed on its effect on amylase. I will find out which type of inhibitor copper ion is and how does it actually inhibits amylase, and also how concentration of copper sulpahte will affect the rate at which amylase works. Aim of investigation The aim of this investigation is to find out how concentration of copper sulphate affects the action of amylase. Hypothesis The higher the concentration of copper sulphate, the slower the amylase works. Rationale There are two ways that we could have consumed copper sulphate. Water pipes are responsible for transporting water, and some of them are made out of copper. Copper pipes can become rusted if there is high sulphate content in the water, basic copper sulphate is precipitated which can grow through the pipe wall creating pit holes [1]. Copper sulphate is also used in some places to treat sewer lines, tree roots are constantly looking for water and organic sources and sewer lines are the perfect site for them. Tree roots will penetrate and damage the pipes which will is expensive to repair. Copper sulfate kills tree roots without killing the tree or
Following the Progress of an Enzyme Controlled Reaction
Following the Progress of an Enzyme Controlled Reaction Plan Enzymes are a widely used source of biological catalyst; they are used in widely in industry as in the biological aspects. Enzymes are biological catalyst; this means that they will speed up a reaction with out becoming used up. The enzymes for this by not actually interfering with the reaction its self but basically align the two substrates on the active site of the enzyme. Amylases are widely spread enzymes that hydrolyse starch to maltose. They are often found in two forms, a-amylase, which degrades starch molecules into, fragments 10 glucose residues long and b-amylase, which breaks down these into maltose, made up of two glucose molecules. Both work by hydrolysis adding one molecule of water across glycosidic link. Hypothesis My hypothesis is that as the time of the enzyme reaction goes on the amount of substrate reacted by time goes in a proportional relationship. In theory time Vs substrate concentration should have a proportional relationship as the relative enzymes will all have plenty of the substrate molecules to align with, therefore creating a constant time for the reaction. The substrate being used is starch, starch is widely found inn various substances. It is greatly found in bread, the starch is a very useful nutrient for human life forms as it is the source for sugars, which produce energy for
The effect of drugs on the nervous system
The effect of drugs on the nervous system A drug is defined as a substance that, when absorbed into the body, alters a normal bodily function. Some are able to do this, as they are capable of producing an array of different effects on the nervous system. The reason why affecting the nervous system of an organism is potentially so significant is due to the nature of it. The fact the nervous system directs the functions of all the tissues of the body demonstrates its considerable role within the body. It can therefore be assumed that taking substances which affect how it works may lead to a distortion in the way your body is run, producing unsafe side effects. The term nervous system is actually used to describe two divisions. The central nervous system (CNS) is the part which contains the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) however, consists of all the sensory neurones used to detect stimuli. The PNS receives thousands of sensory inputs and transmits them to the brain via the spinal cord. The brain will then process this information, discarding around 99% of it as unimportant. After this sensory information has been processed, areas of the nervous system generate nerve impulses to organs or tissue and form a suitable response. As influences from chemicals are able to affect how the nervous system functions, it can be assumed that chemicals such as
Enzymes in agriculture.
Enzymes in Industry and Medicine by David Harder Enzymes in agriculture The only major agricultural area to utilise enzymes is the feeding of monogastric animals. There are two applications, which currently utilise enzymes. Biological silage inoculants frequently contain enzymes in addition to lactic acid bacteria. The enzymes in such products partially breakdown some of the cell wall components of the plant material to be ensiled into soluble sugars. These liberated sugars are then metabolised by the natural or applied lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacilli or Pediococci into lactic acid, which reduces the pH and so ensiles the crop. Some enzyme preparations have been reported to improve the utilisation of feeds for ruminant animals. The use of enzymes in arable agriculture especially in the processing of some major crops and in waste disposal systems is areas, which has not been fully investigated. Enzymes in baking Bread baking is one of the most common food processing techniques throughout the world although the bread products of different countries vary in their finished form. The basic component of all bread is wheat flour to which is added water, salt and yeast. Other ingredients are sometimes added such as sugar, fats and flavouring components. The main components of wheat flour are starch, protein and fibre. The wheat flour has naturally occurring enzymes
How does the concentration of enzymes affect the breakdown of starch by a-amylase in biological washing powders?
How does the concentration of enzymes affect the breakdown of starch by ?-amylase in biological washing powders? In the cleaning business, it's important to get a maximum cleaning effect at a minimum cost. This is especially applicable to the washing of clothes (both commercially, before an item of clothing goes on the market, or at home). This means trying to wash clothes at the lowest possible temperature, to keep the amount of electricity used at a minimum, yet trying to make and maintain a low-priced washing product that cleans effectively. This is why many washing powders use enzymes: enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the breakdown of certain substances (in this case the molecules in food stain). Enzymes have a certain optimum temperature (a temperature at which the enzymes function at its best). Optimum temperatures are different for every enzyme, but they tend to be around 45°C. This means that if enzymes are to be used in washing powders, the temperature at which the clothes are washed will have to be at the optimum temperature, in order to achieve maximum enzymatic effect. This optimum temperature, in the case of the enzymes concerned (the enzymes that break down protein, fats and starch in food stains on clothes), is lower than the normal washing temperature of clothes, 60°C, which means the use of enzymes in washing powders will reduce the washing
Cellular Structure and Function
Cellular Structure and Function Introduction Cells are organised together into functioning groups called tissues. These groups of cells organise together to perform a specialised task. There are four basic types of tissues found in the human body; these are epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous. The following text aims to explain the structure and function of these tissues as well as ovum and sperm cells. Epithelial Tissue Epithelial tissues, as with all different types of tissue, can be found all over the body, they generally line the inside or outside of a body cavity. The cells are anchored down by basement membranes and form in different shapes such a flat, cuboidal, and columnar. The below text details several different types of epithelium cells that can be located around the body. . Stratified Squamous Epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium cells are present in areas of the body that are very moist and subject to abrasion, such as the mouth, esophagus and vagina. The cells are packed densely together and are very flat and irregular in shape. The tissue functions to provide a barrier to entry to inside the body and protects underlying tissues from friction and drying. Figure A. above shows a drawing of the epithelia from an overhead point of view, in shape they are very similar to that of a fried egg. Figure B. shows the cells from a side-on point of
Cellular organelles Structure and Function
Eukaryotic Cellular Organelles: Structure and Function Introduction Cells take many different forms in living organism’s but there are a certain common features in which eukaryotic cells share. Individual cells consist of minute membrane bound vesicles found in the cytoplasm called organelles. These organelles play a crucial role in undertaking the processes that go in inside the cell in order for it to function. The following text aims to explain the structure and function of the major organelles. Nucleus The nucleus is commonly referred to as the control centre or brain of the cell; it directs instructions to other organelle to carry out specific tasks and contains the genetic material of the cell. The long strands of DNA found in the nucleus combine with proteins to form chromatin; the chromatin is then used to create chromosomes. A: Chromatin B: Nuclear Pores C: Nuclear Envelope D: Nucleolus E: Chromosomes Above: A Nucleus. The Nucleus is enclosed entirely by an inner and outer nuclear membrane which protects the fragile DNA and genetic material within. Throughout the surface of the nucleus the two membranes fuse together to create pores that allow the exit of RNA, and the entrance of nucleotides for DNA replication. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of folded tubules and vesicles found on the outside of the nucleus. Part of
Diabetes. What are the effective ways of treating Diabetes mellitus?
What are the effective ways of treating Diabetes mellitus? Problem identification and description Diabetes mellitus has become one of the most life threatening health issues in the UK. This widely spread disease has reached every corner of our society in a very short period. One in 10 of the population in the UK suffers from the disease. Only in about 14 years, the number of people who has the condition has increased from 1.4 million to 2.4 million. Furthermore "by 2025 it is estimated that over four million people will have diabetes." (Diabetes UK , 2010)1. According to BBC News, 20092 "rates of obesity and diabetes will continue to rise unless we do something urgently." Diabetes mellitus is a serious disease that affects the entire human body. "Diabetes is the fifth most common cause of death in the world." (Roglic G, Unwin N, Bennett PH et al, 2005)3. According to Borland, 20114 "Junk food is causing rising numbers of children to develop type 2 diabetes, a disease once seen only in adults." Other factors that is responsible for the sharp increase in the last few years is that the rapid increase in the rate of the obesity especially amongst young teenagers, as obesity is one of the major risk factor that leads to non-insulin dependent Diabetes mellitus. According to British Heart Foundation, seven out of 10 adults in the UK do not take enough regular exercise, which
