REVISION - CRIME, PUNISHMENT AND PROTEST INTRODUCTION Crime, Punishment and Protest covers a period of more than 2500 years. Although you will not need to remember
LONDON REVISION - CRIME, PUNISHMENT AND PROTEST INTRODUCTION Crime, Punishment and Protest covers a period of more than 2500 years. Although you will not need to remember masses of detailed information, you will need a broad understanding of the main changes - and the factors behind those changes - from one period to another. Key definitions: Law - the formal rules of a society or country, which all members are expected to obey, and which are intended to control the behaviour of individuals. Depending on the period or country being examined, laws are made either by various individuals or by larger political organisations or authorities. Crime - an action which breaks one or more of the laws of any given society. In many cases, most members of a society will agree that certain actions (e.g. murder) should be illegal. Sometimes, however, certain sections of a society might find some behaviour acceptable even though it has been defined as criminal by those with the power to make laws (e.g. kings or governments). Punishment - part of the process of law enforcement, and refers to the sanctions or penalties imposed on those who break the law (i.e. commit crimes). These can vary from fines, to imprisonment or to different kinds of physical punishments. Punishments can also have several different functions, ranging from revenge to reform. Protest - any action against or
Is the Underachievement of Ethnic Minority Children due to a Racist School System?
Is the Underachievement of Ethnic Minority Children due to a Racist School System? By Abigail Page Rational Every child goes through the same education system, every child works through the same 'curriculum 2000' set by New Labour and every child sits the same exams up to the age of 16. So why are there marked differences in educational attainment for ethnic minority students? My main aim is to find out if racism is the main cause of the gap between different ethnic groups in education, which can lead to some ethnic minority groups being over represented in low-status, low paid jobs. My investigation will look at the different explanations that sociologists have used over the years to explain why African-Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi students are less likely to achieve 5 A*-C than white and Indian students. To do this I will use secondary evidence, statistics and studies to show the traditional and more modern explanations for the ever-widening dissonance between ethnic groups. My primary research will be done by using informal interviews with members of the Norfolk and Norwich national equality council. This will help me find out what the situation is like in Norfolk, and if people believe that the underachievement of some ethnic groups is due to reasons such as cultural deprivation or institutional racism. Also I would like to see if the situation has
Moral Panic and media folk devils.
oursework Moral Panic and media folk devils. * Introduction In this study I will first define what a moral panic is, then I will use previous studies from independent sources to find previous opinions and ideas and also what moral panics we have had (and are in the middle of) from the post war period onwards to present day. After this I will conduct my own study on the subject. * Hypothesis. My hypothesis for my study is that most people will agree that moral panics and folk devils are based mostly on rumours and fear influenced by the media. I believe this as many of the previous moral panics are now perfectly acceptable, and also due to media influence linking real life tragedies to other media as a scapegoat, such as shootings in America being influenced by computer games. Also I think that older people will be more concerned with moral panics than the younger generation as they have greater exposure to media, have a lesser interest in the subjects which start panics and have younger relatives and children. * Definition. The phrase moral panic can be defined as The Chambers Dictionary moral panic: the idea that 'a condition, episode, person or group of persons' (Cohen 1972) becomes defined as a threat to 'societal; values and interests' This can be simplified and explained as: When the media or government uses scapegoats to pass on the blame to a minority group or
CRIME, PUNISHMENT AND PROTEST
CRIME, PUNISHMENT AND PROTEST EARLY MODERN BRITAIN, 1450 -1750 Why did attitudes to crime and punishment change? * Growth of population and towns: over the next 300 years, England's population - especially in towns - increased greatly. * Social and economic developments: From the sixteenth century, the larger landowners and wealthy merchants became extremely rich. * Property and power: as the wealth of landowners and merchants increased, they began to want a bigger say in the running of the country. They were also concerned to control crime and protect their property from the poor. * The spread of ideas: ideas about politics and religion were able to spread more quickly. The invention of printing, and an increase in the numbers of people who could read, meant important ideas reached down to the lower classes as well as those who traditionally exercised power. * Improvements in travel: the use of coaches and wider possession of horses also helped ideas to spread more widely and more quickly. There were many reports about the growth of crime. * Attitudes about crime and poverty: the upper and middle classes were also worried by the fact that, since the Middle Ages, feudal restrictions on travel for ordinary people had been lifted. What were the links between crime and poverty? * Many of the laws in this period were designed to contain the 'threat' which the
Sociological Theories on Crime and Deviance
CRIME AND DEVIANCE DEFINING DEVIANCE Sociologists define deviance as behaviour that is recognised as violating expected rules and norms. Deviance is more than simple non-conformity; it is behaviour that departs significantly from social expectations. In the sociological perspective on deviance, there is subtlety that distinguishes it from commonsense understandings of the same behaviour. * The sociological definition of deviance stresses social context, not individual behaviour. Sociologists see deviance in terms of group processes, definitions and judgements, not just as unusual individual acts. * The sociological definition of deviance recognises that not all behaviours are judged similarly as all groups. What is deviant to one group may be normative (non-deviant) to another. Understanding what society sees as deviant also requires understanding the context that determines who has the power to judge some behaviours as deviant and others not. * The sociological definition of deviance recognises that established rules and norms are socially created, not just morally decreed or individually imposed. Sociologists emphasise that deviance lies not just in behaviour itself, but also in the social responses of groups to the behaviour. Sociologists distinguish between two types of deviance: formal and informal. Formal deviance is behaviour that breaks laws or official
THE MIDDLE CLASS AS A FIELD OF ETHNOLOGICAL STUDY
THE MIDDLE CLASS AS A FIELD OF ETHNOLOGICAL STUDY Joel S. Kahn* Joel S. Kahn is Professor of Anthropology at the School of Sociology and Anthropology, La Trobe University, Bundoora Campus, Victoria, Australia. He has authored several books, including Constituting the Minangkabau: Peasants, Culture and Modernity in Colonial Indonesia, Minangkabau Social Formations: Indonesian Peasants in the World Economy, and edited, with Francis Loh Kok Wah, Fragmented Vision: Culture and Politics in Contemporary Malaysia For some time we have lagged behind Indonesian stratificatory realities under the impression, once quite true, that the middle classes (or whatever we choose for the moment to call them) were too minute to make a difference. Now, suddenly, when they appear to be making some difference, or anyway are substantial enough to compel notice, we are at a loss to figure out who exactly they are, why they are important, and what difference they actually make. (Lev,1990:25) Daniel Lev's remarks about Indonesia are doubly true in the Malay-sian context, for in spite of the well-documented growth of, if anything, a relatively larger middle class, as yet there has been remarkably little interest among social scientists in the phenomenon. With a handful of exceptions, very few Malaysianists in Malaysia or overseas - have done more than mention the middle class in passing; and there
- APPROACHES IN PSYCHOLOGY
APPROACHES IN PSYCHOLOGY ASSUMPTIONS 04 STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES 05 THERAPY - SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION 06 THERAPY - AVERSION THERAPY 07 THEORY - SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY OF AGGRESSION 08 THE BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH ASSUMPTIONS An examination essential Outline the main assumptions of the behaviourist approach. The behaviourist approach assumes that all behaviour, both normal and abnormal, is learned through the processes of classical and operant conditioning. In other words, we learn by interacting with the world around us, especially by the ways our environment operates on us. Classical conditioning is 'learning through association'. It was first proposed by Ivan Pavlov who observed that his laboratory dogs had learned to salivate to the sound of the footsteps of the man who fed them. They had learned to associate the footsteps with food. Later, Pavlov conditioned the dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell that he rang before he gave them their food. The individual learns to associate a neutral stimulus with an automatic reflex response such as fear or pleasure. For example, Watson & Raynor (1920) conditioned Little Albert to associate the sight of a white rat, or anything similar, with a fear response. In other words, Albert had been conditioned to be frightened of something he had previously found non-threatening, and even attractive. In
Race or religion? The impact of religion on the employment and earnings of Britain's ethnic communities.
Race or religion? The impact of religion on the employment and earnings of Britain's ethnic communities. Abstract Religious affiliation is hypothesised to be an important determinant of earnings and employment. The aim of this paper is to establish whether religious divisions have a greater impact on employment and earnings than being a member of a particular ethnic group. Using conventional ethnic group classifications fails to identify differences within nationalities. Notable differences exist between Indian Sikhs and Hindus, as well as between Muslims and the other religious groups. However, after controlling for religion, substantial ethnic labour market disadvantage is still apparent. Over and above religious differences, there is a significant employment penalty to British- and foreign-born, non-white males and an earnings penalty to foreign-born non-white males. This provides some evidence for the assimilation of non-white male earnings towards those for whites, but indicates no such assimilation in ethnic unemployment rates. For females, there is no employment penalty to non-whites, but a significant earnings penalty to those not fluent in English, once religious affiliation has been accounted for. Finally, this study finds evidence of a substantial disadvantage to Muslims, relative to all other non-whites. Approximately half of this can be explained by
An investigation into people(TM)s belief about Hell
An investigation into people's belief about Hell Rachel Vivian (7465) Word Count: 6747 Sandown High School 59043 Table of Contents Rationale 3 Context 5 Methodology 8 Results 11 Fig 1.1 12 Fig 1.2 13 Fig 1.3 14 Fig 1.4 16 Fig 1.5 17 Fig 1.6 18 Fig 1.7 20 Evaluation 22 Appendices 25 Rationale Rationale With a sharp decrease in the number of people believing in hell1, whether inside or outside the church, there is growing concern among sociologists that this, along with the general secularisation of the country2, is leading to a less integrated society and one which is no longer conforming to rules. Religion used to be society's source of moral guidelines, norms and values, with the belief in Hell instilling in people fear of eternal damnation for their wrongdoings. However, people today no longer have this sense of fear that once used to cause them to follow moral guidelines, according to people such as new right sociologist John Redwood and functionalist Talcott Parsons, this is directly linked to a reduction in social integration and thus the increase in juvenile delinquency observed today. The study will use a questionnaire and will include questions on peoples' general beliefs, their beliefs in hell and their views how this belief affects their life. This will allow the collection of quantitative data on the number of people who are religious, who
Offender Profiling Handout
OFFENDER PROFILING HANDOUT The following short articles formed part of a series, written to provide an introduction to offender profiling. There are summaries of offender profiling (1); profiling stranger rapists (2); identification of serial rape (3); false rape allegations (4); and geographic profiling (5). At the end there is a list of relevant published material. . Introduction to offender profiling Offender profiling has a number of synonyms, which in themselves tell a story. The earliest quoted examples of 'psychological' profiles include those of 'Jack the Ripper' and the 'New York Bomber'. The first was the opinion of a surgeon about the offender's sexual deviancy and mental health, which was based on the injuries suffered by the last of the Ripper's victims. The second was provided by a psychiatrist. It was based on a series of letters and bombs, and included a diagnosis of paranoia, together with a description of typical personal attributes of someone who was paranoid, and other information inferred from the letters and from both the construction and the siting of the bombs. Recently an American linguistic expert has highlighted discrepancies between Brussel's account of the profile and the information still available in the records of the New York Police Department. The profile in the book was apparently a retrospective profile: the original having been modified
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