"What are the advantages and disadvantages of the behaviourist approach to mental disorder?"
Introduction To Abnormal Psychology PS1110A Compulsory Coursework Essay Title Year 1 - Term 2 Hemis Number: 127844 Word Count: 1,571 "What are the advantages and disadvantages of the behaviourist approach to mental disorder?" The behavioural approach to psychology emphasises the effects that environmental stimuli can have on a person. Because of the importance of the environment, behavioural psychologists concentrate on the process of learning and any lasting change that occurs as a result of any experience. The origins of behaviourism can be traced back to a paper written by John Watson entitled, 'Psychology as the behaviourist views it' (Watson 1913). He emphasised the importance of the environment in our behaviour and there are three central ideas behind the theory. There is an emphasis on observable responses and environmental stimuli, a rejection to any concepts that are not evident from direct observation and a focus on experience and learning as the fundamental basis behind understanding behaviour. Behaviourists see people as biological organisms that are innately capable of responding to the environment in which they live. Humans like many other organisms are capable of performing a wide range of complex responses, however these are seen as combinations of simpler responses in behaviourism. Continuity is assumed between humans and all other animals, which
Outline two perspectives on learning; choose from behaviourists, cognitive and humanistic (10)
perspectives * A) Outline two perspectives on learning; choose from behaviourists, cognitive and humanistic (10) Behaviourists: When talking about the behaviourist approach to learning, there are three main techniques to consider; . Classical conditioning (Pavlov) 2. Operant conditioning ( Skinner) 3. Social Learning theory (SLT) (Bandura) Classical Conditioning is when behaviour is learned through a stimulus response bond (S_R) This is done by using unconditioned stimuli as well as conditioned stimuli. Simply put this method of behaviourist learning is able to create behaviour that doesn't normally exist (e.g. salivating at the sound of a bell) this is done through association. For example if a person was to ring a bell right before they fed the dog, the dog would salivate due to the presence of the food. If done enough times, the dog would salivate at the sound of the bell alone, even if no food was present (Pavlov's experiment) Operant Conditioning is used to shape behaviour that already exists in the learner. This is done through reinforcement whether it be positive (rewarding) negative (taking away a negative trait) or punishment Skinner found that people are more likely to learn a behaviour if they are rewarded after doing it (e.g. praise, gifts etc.) SLT refers to Bandura's research, as he believed that people can learn through vicarious learning watching
Freud, Watson, and Raynor
Fear and love Final paper 2/23/2007 This paper will examine Freud's " Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old-Boy" in comparison/contrast to John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner " Conditioned Emotional Reactions" Nastasia Garcia Professor Celesti Colds Fechter Original Sources Freud In the article "Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-old-boy" by Sigmund Freud describes the events of child named Hans who begins to develop an anxiety disorder about being outside amongst horses, big carts with lots of belongings with baggage, and busses. Along with this anxiety driven phobia he begins to acquire both Oedipus and castration complexes. Freud's stemmed the phobia from sequence of events that he believed derived from: . Fear of being castrated when his mother said she would send him to the doctor to have his "widdler" cut off if he touched his widdler agagin (Freud, 1909, p. 49). 2. Developing an Oedipus complex especially when his father went away and he had his "mummy" all to himself. Freud correlated both these complexes to the fear of horses which in turn made him fearful of being outside. Freud states that these phobias originated because of initial reactions of his mother when he found out he played with "his member" and also due to fact that his father did not let him sleep in the same bed with them. Freud decided to train the father of Hans to be his insider
Social Learning Theory
Describe and discuss atleast two features of the social learning theory (10) Social learning theory looks at the social factors and mental processing in human learning. Like behaviourism, it accepts that humans can learn by classical and operant conditioning, but SLT emphasises that humans learn a lot by observation, and imitation of role models. For example, someone must pay attention and perceive what their role model does, think about the purpose of the behaviour they observe, and remember it to accurately reproduce it later. Albert Bandura believed we can learn simply by observing models in the environment and that rewards and punishments are not essential for learning. He looked at the cognitive processes involved in learning e.g. memory and thinking is essential for learning. We can also learn by imitating and copying behaviour. We copy models. We identify with someone we like to be which results in copying and imitating their behaviour. This can be a result of direct or indirect reinforcement. Observational learning has four conditions for effecting modelling to occur. The mediating cognitive factors are attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation. Vicarious conditioning is when the consequences of the model's actions have an important influence on us. Vicarious reinforcement is when the model's actions have a desirable consequence and therefore we are
Investigation into the relationship between an individuals precieved ugliness, harmfullness and an individuals fear of the animal.
Introduction A phobia is a common type of anxiety disorder, a phobia is characterised as a persistent fear, and has to have a rapid anxiety response with the initial stress response occurring immediately. The client must recognise that the fear is irrational and try hard to avoid the stimulus. To be clinically classed as a phobia they must find that this affects their life style. There are three types of phobias, these are, social phobias, agoraphobia, and specific phobias. Social phobias are a fear of social situations due to own self consciousness, and fear of others. Agoraphobia is the fear of open or public places. A specific phobia is the phobia of a specific object, commonly animals, such as arachnophobia which is the fear of spiders. Seligman (1971) introduced his preparedness hypothesis; this proposed that the non-random distribution of fears is caused by an evolutionary predisposition. This evolutionary predisposition means that the modern man has a tendency to react fearfully to stimuli which would have been a threat to prehistoric man (such as snakes, spiders, high places etc); this is not an innate reaction but facilitates acquiring such fears through classical conditioning. Seligman states that it can be merely a mild unconditioned stimulus which can activate this tendency to fear the stimuli of prehistoric mans fears, and that this can result in a highly
Discuss two or more social psychological theories of aggression
Transfer-Encoding: chunked Discuss two or more social psychological theories if aggression Social Learning Theory was proposed by Bandura and it suggest that children learn specifics of aggressive behaviour by observing others. The children learn about the consequences of the aggressive behaviour that they observe by vicarious reinforcement, from this the child develops an internal model of what conduct is considered appropriate and what is not. Bandura also claimed that for social learning to take place, the child must form mental representations of event in their social environment and develop expectations of rewards and punishments for certain outcomes. Bandura’s Bobo doll study supports how SLT can explain aggression. They showed children a video of a women being aggressive towards a Bobo doll. When children were placed in a room with the doll the children imitated the behaviour from the video showing that children had learnt the aggressive behaviour observed by adults. However, only those who saw aggressive behaviour being rewarded then repeated the behaviour which suggests that reinforcement and positive mental representations are necessary for an observed behaviour to be re-enacted. Despite showing clear evidence for SLT, there were many methodological issues with Bandura’s research which in turn reduce the internal validity of findings. One main issue is
This case study is concerned with Contract, more specifically the materiality of a breach of contract, and the remedies thus allowable.
CASE STUDY 1 Jack has a contract with Acme Builders. Acme Builders are to lay out Jack's driveway in fancy paving blocks at a cost of £2,000. Jack has agreed that prior to the commencement of the work he will lift and remove the existing two rows of slabs. For a variety of reasons, Jack does not manage to lift the slabs. When the builders turn up they refuse to start the job. In fact they say they have plenty of other work on and cancel the contract altogether. Jack enters into a second contract with another firm of builders. They will do the work for £2,500 plus £150 for lifting the existing slabs. Jack is aggrieved that the work is costing him more and wonders whether Acme were justified in their attitude. With full reference to authority advise Jack. The following essay, submitted by a student, received a mark of 65%. Tutor's Notes and comments at the end of the essay. STUDENT ESSAY This case study is concerned with Contract, more specifically the materiality of a breach of contract, and the remedies thus allowable. In order to come to a conclusion in this area, we need to answer the question, what constitutes a material breach of contract? Once we have answered this by looking at relevant cases we will be in a position to apply this to the facts of the case study, and reach a reasoned conclusion. A contract is by definition, an agreement
Psychology AQA: Discuss one or more social psychological explanations of aggression
Discuss one or more social psychological explanations of aggression (8 + 16 marks) According to the social learning theory, aggressive behaviour is learnt through the individual observing their role model. The individual is more likely to remember aggressive behaviour if the role model is being rewarded; this is known as vicarious reinforcement. Before the individual imitates the aggressive act, they first form mental representations in their mind of how they will enact it. Reproduction of this aggressive behaviour is more likely to be repeated for those individuals who have a higher self-efficacy in their ability to do this, because they have been successful at it in the past. When the individual receives a reward (such as praise, or money) for their aggressive behaviour, this acts a direct reinforcement and so will motivate the individual to behave aggressively in the future. This theory has been supported by a large amount of empirical and controlled laboratory experiments. For example the 1963 bobo doll study by Bandura found that children who observed an adult model being rewarded with sweets for their aggressive behaviour showed higher levels of imitation compared to children who observed the model being punished for showing aggressive behaviour,( such as being told off.) Further research evidence strengthens the learning theory, increasing its validity and
Roles and Responsibilities
Roles and Responsibilities at Greenford High School Task 1: I have chosen to identify the roles and responsibilities of the people who work at Greenford High School. These three people are: . A Faculty Leader - Mr Manby 2. A Science Teacher - Ms Saleem 3. A Support Worker - Angela An organisational triangle shows the level of responsibility each person has. The person at the bottom has less responsibility then the person above. It is also known as a 'hierarchy'. This organisational triangle shows the responsibilities each person has at Greenford High School: Faculty Leader - Mr Manby: Mr Manby is the faculty leader who works at Greenford High School. He is also the assistant head teacher and is a member of the senior leadership team. When Mr Manby joined the school in 1993, he was a newly qualified teacher. He then got promoted to deputy head and head of house. After five years, he then became head of maths for five years and is now finally assistant head teacher and has been for four years. Mr Cramer (the headteacher) is in charge of Mr Manby. Mr Manby is then in charge of: the head of PE (Ms Joyce), head of ICT (Mr Smith), head of Art (Mr Bonner) and the head of ICT Technical Support (Mr Croft). As their line manager, Mr Manby has to monitor their work to ensure the highest teaching standard possible. Mr Manby has got 10 'O' levels (GCSE's) and 3 A levels in
Outline and evaluate the influence of childhood and/or adolescent experiences on later adult relationships. (24 marks)
Outline and evaluate the influence of childhood and/or adolescent experiences on later adult relationships. (24 marks) June 11 Bowlby argued that attachments are innate and therefore instinctive. With others they agreed that through the role of social releasers alongside to other factors, infants form one main attachment to a main caregiver, i.e. monotropy. This first relationship provides a basis, so in essence acts as a template or an internal working model (IWM). This IWM acts as a template for future relationships, i.e. all adult relationships are a continuation of the first type of relationship an individual formed. The continuity hypothesis will therefore suggest that the child’s attachment classification, i.e. secure or insecure, may influence their popularity with their peers. A securely attached type should be more confident in interactions with friends and therefore more popular. This sort of trend will also be seen in adolescent relationships as those who are securely attached will gain friendships which are more intimate, with higher levels of self-disclosure of inner feeling and secrets than an insecure child would. Bee (1995) argues that teenagers use their peer group to make their transition from their protected place within the family to the wider adult world. Hazan and shaver in 1987 studied the continuity hypothesis in adult romantic relationships
