Unit 1:Checking the validity of information
Checking the validity of information (P2) Describe ways of checking the validity of information gathered from these sources. Introduction In this task I will be describing what validity is and main types of ways you can validate information. I will also show how reliable it is and were information is reliable. Valid Example: let's say I was surfing on the web while researching for a history class project when I stumbled on a site I'd never been to before. It was very bright, flashy and animated, and the web information stated that the civil was in the U.S. last over 20 years and began in 1870! The website creator said that he was a Civil war expert, but as I read on, it became very clear to me that he was no expert. He didn't even know who fought in the war. Because he said the East fought the West. Information comes in all forms, because it is easy to access into a website, which is harmful and which is physically harmful and mentally. Especially for kids; more than a few young people have been affected by hidden dangers of bad websites. As you can see the internet offers a range of vast variety and quantity of the web pages that could be accessed by anyone who has internet. But you now that not everything is reliable. Websites can now be created by anyone with access to the internet, using variety of web-authoring tools. The URL may give a clue to site content;
Outline two studies of obedience and consider whether they show external validity.
Outline two studies of obedience and consider whether they show external validity. External validity is the validity of an experiment outside the research situation itself, the extent to which the findings of a research study are applicable to other situations especially everyday situations. Milgram's study on electric shocks and learning offers support for external validity in obedience experiments. Milgram conducted his study at Yale University with 40 male participants aged between 20 and 50. A confederate of the experimenter was always the learner and the participant the teacher. The teacher had to administer shocks to the learner every time they gave an incorrect answer and the intensity of the shocks increased on each occasion. One of the strongest criticisms of Milgrams research was the belief that as it was carried out in laboratory conditions it had low ecological or external validity. Due to the study being conducted in a laboratory it was believed it would be hard to generalise the findings to real life situations. Gross offers a solution to this criticism by claiming that experiments are similar to real life social situations and thus participant's behaviour in the study is similar to how it would be in real life. However, for many critics this was hard to believe due to the findings that 65% of participants gave the maximum intensity shock of 450 volts.
Select either a qualitative or quantitative study, then make a critical analysis of it using any eight of the following categories: introduction, abstract, documentation, literature review, aims, context, research design, research methods, reliability.
Title: select either a qualitative or quantitative study, then make a critical analysis of it using any eight of the following categories: introduction, abstract, documentation, literature review, aims, context, research design, research methods, reliability, validity, mode of analysis. The purpose of research studies can be seen upon as to explore the information within the given environment and consider their viability and effectiveness and whether these can add value for learners to the overall experience. The term 'Research' can consist of different meanings, research enquires can be defined as; a methodical, formal and precise process employed to gain solutions to problems and to discover and interpret new facts and relationships. (Waltz and Bausell, 1981, p.1). Therefore the ultimate goals of research are to formulate questions and aim to find the answers to those questions. The immediate goals of research are categorised as exploration, description, prediction, explanation and action, where they provide a strategy for figuring out which questions to ask and which answers to seek. (Sarantakos, 1993). Primarily this assignment will focus on a specific educational research study, based on 'Bullying and racism among Asian schoolchildren in Britain' conducted by Mike Eslea and Kafeela Mukhtar. (Eslea and Mukhtar, 2000.) The study is formulated and conducted upon the
Discuss the validity of early and late selection models of attention.
Social and Personality Psychology No. Words 1462 TITLE: Discuss the validity of early and late selection models of attention The early psychologist William James (1890, cited in Gazzaniga, 1998) defined attention as "... the taking possession of the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalization, concentration of consciousness are of its essence..." This definition concentrates on the aspects of attention current psychologists are interested in. Cherry (1953) became fascinated in the "cocktail party" problem, that is, how can a person focus on certain aspects of the environment, a conversation, and ignore other aspects, other simulations conversations? (also known as selective attention). This essay is going to consider the validity of early and late selection models of attention which is the extent to which they are true, correct and conform with reality (Reber and Reber, 2001) by looking at research mainly on auditory attention. The specific information processing models to be discussed are those from Broadbent, Deutsch and Deutsch, and Treisman. A number of alternative theories have been subsequently suggested which shall be considered briefly. Human and animals cannot process all sensory information from the environment because they have a limited capacity system, we know this because
Validity of eer Assessment
Validity of Peer and Self-Assessment Processes David Thomas Bournemouth University - Centre of Excellence in Media Practice "Education is not an affair of 'telling' and being told, but an active and constructive process". (Dewey, 2007, Page 33) Contents Aims & Objectives ................................................... 3 Introduction ............................................................ 4 Why use Peer & Self-assessment ................................. 5 Understanding how students learn ................................ 7 Bloom's Taxonomy - the cognitive domain ...................... 9 The New Taxonomy - Where does Peer and Self-assessment sit within it?.................................... 13 Effective Peer and Self-assessment .............................. 16 Research Methodology ............................................. 19 Summary................................................................ 21 Bibliography ............................................................ 23 Aims The aim of this research is to inform college management, lecturers and students of the full potential and usefulness of peer and self-assessment (PSA), as a strategy for learning. An understanding of PSA within a larger framework of teaching and learning will be achieved, in particular its use as formative assessment and a tool for metacognitive process.
Determination of the validity of consent.
VALID CONSENT INTRODUCTION Consent to investigation or treatment is fundamental to the delivery of all healthcare Department of Health (2001) For consent to be valid it must be given voluntarily by an appropriately informed person who has the capacity to consent to the intervention in question Department of Health (2001) A recent clinical supervision session I facilitated reflected on the dilemma involved when a patient initially refused a CT scan. Undertaking clinical supervision for nursing staff is one aspect of my role within the Trust. The patient, an 83 year old gentleman had advanced, inoperable malignant disease. He had undergone courses of chemotherapy and radiotherapy following diagnosis of the disease. On this admission, there was suspected intestinal obstruction. The consultant had ordered an urgent CT scan. The patient informed the staff nurse that he did not want to have the scan. Discussion of the patient's wishes with the consultant resulted in the consultant re-visiting the patient and informing him that in his opinion the scan should go ahead as planned. The patient decided that he should do as the doctor said. Analysis from reflection suggested that the nurse was unsure how to determine if consent was legally valid or ethically sound. Therefore, from the legal standpoint this essay will give an account of the determinates of valid consent. Using a
Assess The Ecological Validity of Research into Persuading a Jury.
Homework Questions: What is The Effect on a Jury of Order of Testimony? Pennington and Hastie believed that jurors’ will construct a story to make sense of evidence and then return the verdict that has the ‘best fit’ with their story. P and H investigated whether the order of testimony had an effect on the jurors’ decisions. The sample used in this study consisted of 130 students from the University of Chicago. The two story-telling strategies investigated in this study are; story order and witness order. Story order is when the Lawyers present evidence in the sequence that events occurred, and witness order is when lawyers present witnesses in the sequence they believe is most likely to persuade the jury (may not be the sequence in which the events occurred, also the benefits of primacy and recency effects are taken into account. Primacy effect is when for example out of a list of 10 words you are most likely to remember the first word; whereas the recency effect claims you are most likely to remember the last word. The study was a laboratory experiment, using independent groups design, with ps acting as jurors in a mock trial. The IV was the order of testimony and the DV was the verdict given. In individual cubicles ps listened to a tape recording of the stimulus trial and then responded to written questions. They were told to reach either a guilty or not
Assess the validity of Crick's 'Astonishing Hypothesis'.
Assess the validity of Crick's 'Astonishing Hypothesis'. In his book, The Astonishing Hypothesis, Crick charts his efforts in the investigation of consciousness. Crick believes passionately that the only trustworthy source of knowledge is scientific investigation. (Crick, 1994). To assess the validity of Crick's theory, we will firstly have to evaluate the evidence that consciousness is no more than the product of the millions upon millions of nervous impulses churning away inside our brains and then evaluate opposing theories. Francis Crick proclaims, "we... need to discover the neural correlates of consciousness . . . No longer need one spend time attempting . . . to endure the tedium of philosophers perpetually disagreeing with each other. Consciousness is now largely a scientific problem." (Crick, 1996, p. 486). Neural Correlates of Consciousness are specific systems in the brain that correlate directly with states of conscious experience. To do this Crick concentrates on " . . . visual consciousness rather than other forms, because humans are very visual animals and our visual percepts are especially vivid and rich in information." (Crick & Koch, 1998). Crick, in his research, concentrated on finding a "single conscious interpretation of the visual scene, in order to eliminate hesitation." (Crick, 1998). His experiments include the research of classical blindsight.
An Enduring Question of the Validity of Religious Authority.
Geoff Woulf Philosophy 100 An Enduring Question of the Validity of Religious Authority Central to the thinking of most every rational person's worldview is a belief in a higher power, that higher power's creation of man, and the eventual afterlife. Ethical assumptions, guised perhaps in religious text or without, are largely and uniformly based on some manner of religious faith. Although this effect is very profound upon the actions of men, the faith in question might actually be groundless. Logically, a great many people must be following an incorrect faith, as many choose to believe in mutually exclusive faiths. However, the great conflict from one religion to the next, besides the validity of their particular deity (ies), lies in the morality of the faith itself. Although varying greatly in custom, most popular religions in the world try to explain their faith in terms of ethics, as in a how-to guide for living. In Plato's classic dialogue between Socrates and Euthyphro, Socrates poses the question, "Is an act pious because it is loved by the gods, or is it loved by the gods because it is pious?" The question itself is very simple, but has far reaching consequences. In answering, god is either 'arbitrary' or irrelevant to morality in the first place. In questioning the foundation of morality itself, Socrates undermines the influence and validity of organized religion and
To what extent can the validity of obedience research be defended?
To what extent can the validity of obedience research be defended? Obedience is prevalent in everyday life. For example, we obey the doctor by taking the recommended prescription, trusting that he or she is the expert and knows best. Usually, problems do not arise as a result of this, although it is said that the desirability of obeying authority correlates to how reasonable the commands are. Milgram and Hofling et al. in particular investigated obedience using various authority figures to give commands to the participants. They aimed to determine the extent to which people would obey, despite the consequences of their actions. While the studies produced conclusive results, it is important to consider the validity of the research, both ecological and experimental. Ecological validity refers to the validity of the research outside the research situation itself, as in how well the findings would generalise to everyday situation. Experimental validity on the other hand, refers to the extent to which research has internal (whether the experiment measured out what it set to do) and external validity (how well the findings generalise to other settings, both ecological and temporal). In 1974, Milgram conducted a study to see whether participants would obey an experimenter - a person of authority, when instructed to administer potentially dangerous electric shocks to another
