Research and statistical significance for a pilot study on CBT for children with anxiety disorders
Identifying the Statistical Significance of a Research Process. The long-term impact of anxiety disorders in children can affect their social interactions, personal relationships and future academic/career progression. This can result in family dysfunction, substance abuse and/or other mental disorders (Allgulander & Lavori 1991; Burton 2006 as cited in Manassis et al 2009 p 1). Research in this area is extensive and in order to look at a more specific way of treating anxiety related disorders in young children the selected paper, 'Evaluating a cognitive behavioural therapy group program for anxious five to seven year old children: A pilot study' (Monga et al 2009) has been chosen to assess the teams particular use of research methods, data analysis and what the outcome of an adapted form of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy has on treating anxious 5-7 year olds. Research Significance. The research article was developed by Dr. Young (SFU 2011) and two child Psychiatrists, Dr. Suneeta Monga and Dr. Mary Owens at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto who also provided sponsorship. There is evidence to show that anxiety in children can start at a young age (Cartwright-Hatton 2004). Previous research has been carried out primarily on children above the age of 8. Dr Young and her team had looked at the methods used for treatment from previous research such as the FRIENDS
Outline and evaluate psychological therapies for schizophrenia
Outline and evaluate psychological therapies for schizophrenia The underlying idea of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is that people with mental disordesr have irrational and distorted ways of thinking. The goal of CBT is to provide an alternative to the often bizarre psychotic thoughts and feelings that the person with schizophrenia experiences. Although there are several forms of CBT, all have the aim of modifying hallucinations and delusional beliefs. CBT attempts to challenge (and to reality test) the client's interpretation of their hallucinations and to propose alternative explanations. One form of CBT is called Coping Strategy Enhacement (CSE). One of the ideas behind this approach is the finding that the majority of people who experience delusions and/or hallucinations report using coping strategies (Tarrier 1987). Such strategies include drowning-out voices by turning up the television set, use of distraction, withdrawal from social contact and self-talk. CSE aims to develop the client's coping strategies in order to reduce the frequency, duration and intensity of the psychotic symptoms. The therapist and client work together to improve the effectiveness of the client's coping strategies, and to identify additional strategies. The strategy is practised during the therapy session and the client is then given homework to ensure continued practise. Zimmerman et al
Discuss the Cognitive Approach to Treating Disorders.
Transfer-Encoding: chunked Cognitive approach (12 marks) Becks cognitive triad is the first model. It describes how people’s disorders can be caused by negative views about themselves, about the world and about the future. These beliefs can feed into each other which continues disorders such as depression. Then there is Ellis’s ABC model also explains abnormality through beliefs and behavioural consequences. This model suggests that an activating event causes beliefs these are either rational or irrational. These can lead to consequences; desirable or undesirable emotions and desirable or undesirable behaviour. It is the irrational beliefs and consequences that maintain disorders such as depression. Cognitive biases can be internal, global or stable. Depressed people use cognitive biases to view the world. A strength is that there is clear evidence for cognitive biases. Clarke found that individuals with panic disorders exaggerate the significance of physical symptoms. In addition, therapy based treatments are effective in treating anxiety disorders and depression e.g. CBT and REBT. A weakness of the approach is the idea of schemata and NATS are vague and unexplained. It’s not clear how irrational thoughts are designed and measured. Also the approach is reductionistic as it reduces psychopathology down to a simple set of factors which reduces the validity of
Describe Psychological Therapies for Depression
One psychological therapy of depression in Psychodynamic Interpersonal Therapy, this therapy was developed by Hobson, and focuses mainly on the relationship between the therapist and patient. When a comfortable relationship is established, past events that could be the cause of depression are relived and resolved to try and relieve the pressures that they may be putting on the individual. Hobson believes that because problems in our life are usually through interpersonal relationships, we should resolve these problems through a therapeutic relationship. The quality of the relationship is crucial for the effectiveness of the therapy. PIT consists of several interlinking components, of which include ‘explanatory rationale’ and ‘staying with feelings’. A potential strength of PIT is that it is just as effective if not more so than current treatments at improving depressive symptoms. Research support comes from Elkin, who found that when compared to CBT, PIT is just as effective at treating depression. This is strength because PIT provides an alternative treatment to CBT that is just as effective. We must therefore be more trusting of the PIT therapy for depression as it provides another treatment for people who struggled with CBT that is just as effective. Meaning that more people can have their symptoms improved, in theory. However, a weakness of Elkins findings is
Discuss two or more psychological therapies for schizophrenia
Schizophrenia - Psychotherapies 'Discuss two or more psychological therapies for schizophrenia (9 marks + 16).' As a scientifically proven cure for schizophrenia, medication is largely crucial for the treatment of schizophrenia, but unfortunately many people fail to uphold the medication, as its side-effects prove too distressing or they find that these symptoms outweigh that of the disorder. As such, many sufferers of schizophrenia turn to psychotherapies, of which there are two main type of therapy: CBT and psychoanalysis. Cognitive-Behavioural-Therapy CBT is largely founded in the cognitive approach to psychopathology, which arose in the 1950's. CBT assumes that the schizophrenia is a maladaptive behaviour, caused by beliefs that have been distorted, either by someone or something and delusions are often seen as caused by distorted interpretations of events. In CBT, patients are usually prompted to trace the genesis of their symptoms, so as to get a grasp of how they may have occurred and how they might be treated and are then encouraged to evaluate any internal voices they may hear, delusions or hallucinations and so on. As their behaviour is thought to stem from distorted beliefs, they are prompted to find alternative patterns or ways of thinking to their maladaptive one. CBT generally tries to generate less distressing symptoms to arise, rather than completely
The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast the approaches existential therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy have towards understanding and working with fear and sadness.
Etma2 The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast the approaches existential therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy have towards understanding and working with fear and sadness. I will also discuss which approach I prefer and feel more drawn to and why. I will look at the pros and cons of both types of therapy before concluding that the approach I'm more drawn to is existential therapy. Existential therapy Ludwig Binswanger and Medard Boss were the first people to develop existential therapy in the 1930s. They based their work on a number of existential philosophers but mainly on Martin Heidegger. (Langdridge. pg. 126) Over the past 30 years existential therapy had made further progress and has been developed by writers and therapists such as Rollo May, Irving Yalom, Victor Frankl and Ronnie Laing. (Langdridge, pg.127) The main existential philosophers were Nietzsche, Heidegger and Sartre. Edmund Husserl believed that a therapist should work phenomenologically; trying to see the work as it is for the client. To adapt a phenomenological attitude a therapist must attempt to see the world as it appears to the client. They must be empathetic towards the client. If the therapist does not think in a phenomenological way, they are not working existentially. To work in a phenomenological way, one must engage in a process call epoche. There are four
Is Cognitive Therapy an Efficacious Treatment for Depression?
Is Cognitive Therapy an Efficacious Treatment for Depression? Tesni Rowlands Deakin University Waurn Ponds Subject: HPS308 Psychopathology Assignment: Assignment 1 Essay Student No.: 700165229 Unit Chair: Dr Eric Koukounas Tutor: Shannon Hyder Submitted: 25 August 2010 Word Count: 2016 Is Cognitive Therapy an Efficacious Treatment for Depression? Introduction Major depressive disorder, better known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder which is characterized by symptoms such as feelings of worthlessness, loss of sleep, loss of interest and an inability to experience pleasure for a period lasting longer than two weeks (Barlow & Durand, 2005). Traditionally, depression was treated using antidepressant medication (ADM) and was seen as the most standard treatment for severe depression (Dimidjian, Hollon, Dobson, Schmaling, et al., 2006). However, ADM was not useful for all forms of depression, with some patients refusing to take medication due to the harmful side effects. Therefore, psychotherapy techniques, such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) became increasingly popular for the treatment of depression and were given a high level of credibility. The way in which CBT was used to treat depression was to identify and alter negative thinking styles and replaced them with positive beliefs and attitudes. Similarly, IPT
Schizophrenia and related psychosis.
The author of this work is currently employed as a community psychiatric nurse whose remit is to work with those clients with serious and enduring mental illness, the majority of whom have a medical diagnosis of schizophrenia and related psychosis. Over the past 10 years there's been a growing movement towards diverse treatments for schizophrenia other than the acknowledged role of medication as a treatment modality (Birchwood and Tarrier 1993). Developments in psychological theory have led to a number of innovative psychological treatments drawn from human experimental psychology such as behavioural and social psychology and cognitive science. Therapies based on cognitive behavioural theory have been rapidly developing, initially for the so called 'neurotic disorders' but in recent years evidence has accumulated to suggest that these cognitive behavioural approaches can be effective for those people suffering from psychosis ( Williams 1995). The aim of this assignment is to explore the basis of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and review its' therapeutic application to schizophrenia. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is an evolutionary paradigm that came about a from the merging of the established paradigm of behavioural therapy and contemporary cognitive therapy (Clarke and Fairburn 1997). Behavioural therapy historically focused on anxiety, phobic
Would cognitive behavioural therapy in conjunction with routine diabetic treatment be more efficient in managing depression in patients with Type 2 diabetes than routine treatment alone?
Would cognitive behavioural therapy in conjunction with routine diabetic treatment be more efficient in managing depression in patients with Type 2 diabetes than routine treatment alone? Introduction The essay presented below is aimed at finding evidence-based answer to my question: "Would cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in conjunction with routine diabetic treatment be more efficient in managing depression in patients with Type 2 diabetes than routine treatment alone?" It also involves the critical appraisal of a study which has tried to answer the above question, followed by the systematic review of 5 articles closely related to the topic. The aim of this essay is to investigate whether psychological interventions in diabetic patients with depression are effective in improving clinical outcomes. When looking into the medical treatment given to diabetic patients nationwide in the UK, I came across several non-pharmacological therapies that could improve the patients' adherence and control over their condition. The efficacy and the cost effectiveness of such therapies combined with usual treatment appeared to be an interesting topic to investigate. I have narrowed down the available therapies and specified my systematic literature search on Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, as its use in the management of depression in diabetes has recently become more popular in the UK and
Discuss the Main Treatments for Schizophrenia
Treatments for Schizophrenia The use of drugs or psychotherapies can be used in order to treat schizophrenia. If the causes of schizophrenia are physiological then it follows that treatments should be physiological. However it has been shown that both physiological and psychological factors can lead to the condition of schizophrenia, so it makes sense to consider both forms of treatment. Physiological treatments appear to fail not because they are ineffective but because patients often dislike the side effects of drugs and therefore don’t take them. As a result, psychological treatments (psychotherapies) are frequently used as an alternative to physiological treatments, or in addition to them. PHYSIOLOGICAL TREATMENT Chemotherapy- Anti Psychotic Drugs There are two main categories of drugs- . Conventional Neuroleptic Drugs/ Anti Psychotic Drugs 2. Newer Atypical Drugs Conventional Anti Psychotic Drugs (such as Thorazine, Prolixin, Haldol and Chlorpromazine) Conventional anti psychotic drugs are used to combat the positive symptoms such as hallucinations and thought disturbances. The positive symptoms are thought to be products of an overactive dopamine system. Conventional antipsychotics reduce dopamine levels. They are dopamine antagonists in that they bind to, but do not stimulate dopamine receptors, therefore blocking their action. In other words, they block the
