Psychology IB Abnormality Notes
ABNORMAL NOTES Discuss the extent to which biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influence abnormal behavior Introduction . What is abnormal behavior, and how it can be looked at under biological, cognitive, and sociocultural viewpoints . Its hard to diagnose and fully diagnose a person as there may be: cultural differences, different cultural beliefs, cultural bound syndromes 2. Hard to classify abnormal, some say abnormal is something away from the normal, so someone who is 2 meters tall is abnormal? . Picture is still mysterious 2. In order to diagnose and treat a person with mental health issues we need to better understand the causes or etiologies of those issues. There are many different explanations for conditions like, for example, depression and eating disorders. Despite the variety of theories and the conflicting evidence that exists about what causes certain illnesses, there are a number of successful, tried and tested treatments based on certain theories. An example of this would be drug treatments, including SSRIs like Prozac for the treatment of major depression. However, not only do many of these treatments spark controversy, there is also no one simple explanation for any type of mental health issue and psychologists/psychiatrists need to take a multi-axial approach to diagnosing and treating people who need help. This multi-axial approach has
The e-Learning market for corporations.
e-Learning Delivery Solutions Industry analysis Company analysis - Centra software Inc High Technology, Entrepreneurship and Strategy Professor Ron Adner Students Uri Einan Vinod Janardhan Rajat Nag Yaron Spigel Adrian Horotan Fontainebleau June 2001 Table of contents Part I - Industry analysis 1. Introduction 1 2. The size of the eLearning market 3 3. Definitions 5 4. Market segmentation 6 4.1 content 4.2 services 4.3 technology 5. The SCEL platforms market 8 6. Market drivers 10 7. The future of elearning 11 8. Conclusion 13 Part II - Company Analysis - Centra software Inc. 1. Preface 14 2. Company background 15 3. Product 17 4. Value chain 21 4.1 Suppliers 4.2 Customers 5. Partnerships 23 6. Competition 25 6.1 Interwise 6.2 IBM/Lotus 6.3 Mentergy 6.4 Microsoft 6.5 ACEL platform companies 6.6 LMS companies 6.7 Content providers and Service providers 7. Competitive advantages and strategy analysis 33 Appendices 39 Appendix I Comparison of C-learning with Elearning Appendix II Customers Appendix III Partnerships Bibliography Part I - Market Analysis . Introduction - The e-Learning market The landscape of learning has never looked more promising for companies in the education business. Education is the second largest market in the
MENTAL HEALTH
AO1 Mental health issues The concept of mental health There are a wide range of different terms that people use to describe mental health these are as follows: The World Health Organisation (WHO) have objectives and functions, which are there core commitment to mental health promotion, these are as follows: - " not merely the absence of disease of infirmity" - "attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health" - To foster activities in the field of mental health, especially those affecting the harmony of human relations" The World Health Organisation defines health as: ... A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity Mental health promotion involves actions that support people to adopt and maintain healthy lifestyles, which therefore create a supportive living condition or environment. Mental illnesses are common and universal. There is no general term for mental health and illnesses. According to research, the most prevalent mental health problems were due to alcohol and drug abuse, family violence and abuse, and suicidal behaviour. Many people in the society are not very familiar with mental health problems. Although, research has shown that about 50 years ago, people would class people with mental health problems and would say they had a 'demon' was inside of them and possessed them.
The following dissertation report will attempt to look at the chosen topic area of Scottish Secondary Education: Teaching Methods for 5th and 6th Year Pupils.
Contents Page . INTRODUCTION .1 Aim & Objective 2 .1.1 Aim 2 .1.2 Objectives 2 .2 Rational 3 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 Educational Teaching Methods 5 2.2 Information Technology Utilities 8 3. METHODOLOGY 7 3.1 Research of a Secondary Nature 7 3.1.1 Quantitative Data, Methods & Tools 7 3.1.2 Qualitative Data, Methods & Tools 9 3.1.2.1 Using the Internet 20 3.2 Research of a Primary Nature 21 3.2.1 Action Research 22 4. SECONDARY EVIDENCE 24 4.1 Objectives i & ii 24 4.2 Objective iii 27 4.2.1 Video Conferencing 27 4.2.2 Internet 29 4.3 Objective iv 32 4.4 Objective v 33 4.5 Aim 34 5. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 37 5.1 Conclusions 37 5.2 Recommendations 39 5.2.1 Teaching Methods in Secondary Education 40 5.2.2 The utilisation of the 'First Steps at University' and 'Next Steps at University' courses 41 5.2.3 Further Research 42 I. REFERENCES iii II. BIBLIOGRAPHY ix III. APPENDICES xi Appendix 1 - Table: Student Withdrawal Statistics - 1998,1999,2000 xi Appendix 2 - Chart: Student Withdrawal Statistics - 1998 xii Appendix 3 - Chart: Student Withdrawal Statistics - 1999 xiii Appendix 4 - Chart: Student Withdrawal Statistic - 2000 xiv Appendix 5 - Chart: Student Withdrawal Statistic - 1998, 1999 & 2000 xv Appendix 6 - Pictures: Video Conferencing xvi . INTRODUCTION The following dissertation report will
The company that I have been studying in this Task is ECsoft (European Community Soft).
R.1 Introduction R.1.1 Background of the company The company that I have been studying in this Task is ECsoft (European Community Soft). ECsoft is an independent IT consultancy and systems integrator that operates internationally. ECsoft is a PLC (public limited company), and they have shareholders. Therefore the owners of ECsoft are the shareholders. The managing director's name is Steve Leegood. ECsoft provides IT services and solutions for many of Europe's top 500 companies private and public sector organisations. ECsoft creates a project, when the company wants one, around an application for a company and implements solutions to improve the company's profitability. They basically do custom programming. Therefore the main aim, for the company is solving a problem to improve a company's profitability. The services that ECsoft provide are a range of business and technical skills in depth of the market area. The main markets are financial services, retail, media /publishing, public sector, telecommunications, travel and transportation and manufacturing. This is a general background of the company * ECsoft's principal operations are in the UK and Scandinavia. The company is based in Berkhamsted. * In July 1994 ECsoft started. * In December 1996 ECsoft floated on Nasdaq. * In June 1998 ECsoft floated at a valuation of £190.7m. ECsoft use IT for two main reasons,
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Family Interventions for Psychosis.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Family Interventions for Psychosis Helen Healy, David Reader and Kenny Midence INTRODUCTION Psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia are not new in the research literature. Psychological treatments have been previously used in the treatment of schizophrenia. For example in terms of behaviour therapy, operant approaches such as token economy programmes were used in the 1960s and 1970s to improve the behaviour of patients in long stay hospitals. However, the evidence suggests that the clinical gains were limited and did not generalise beyond the therapeutic setting and also did not address delusional convictions (Alford 1986; Himadi et al 1991). Other psychological treatments for schizophrenia can be traced to early work devoted to studying the impact of the social environment on mental illness. A plethora of early studies focused on the role of the family environment in the maintenance of schizophrenia which in turn led to the concept of expressed emotion (Brown et al 1972; Brown & Rutter 1996). Family interventions were first developed as a method for reducing levels of expressed emotion among relatives and are now recognised as a significant aspect in the treatment of schizophrenia. This approach marked a paradigmatic shift in the way family members were viewed by clinicians and has led to efforts to improve communication between
- APPROACHES IN PSYCHOLOGY
APPROACHES IN PSYCHOLOGY ASSUMPTIONS 04 STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES 05 THERAPY - SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION 06 THERAPY - AVERSION THERAPY 07 THEORY - SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY OF AGGRESSION 08 THE BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH ASSUMPTIONS An examination essential Outline the main assumptions of the behaviourist approach. The behaviourist approach assumes that all behaviour, both normal and abnormal, is learned through the processes of classical and operant conditioning. In other words, we learn by interacting with the world around us, especially by the ways our environment operates on us. Classical conditioning is 'learning through association'. It was first proposed by Ivan Pavlov who observed that his laboratory dogs had learned to salivate to the sound of the footsteps of the man who fed them. They had learned to associate the footsteps with food. Later, Pavlov conditioned the dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell that he rang before he gave them their food. The individual learns to associate a neutral stimulus with an automatic reflex response such as fear or pleasure. For example, Watson & Raynor (1920) conditioned Little Albert to associate the sight of a white rat, or anything similar, with a fear response. In other words, Albert had been conditioned to be frightened of something he had previously found non-threatening, and even attractive. In
Schizophrenia and related psychosis.
The author of this work is currently employed as a community psychiatric nurse whose remit is to work with those clients with serious and enduring mental illness, the majority of whom have a medical diagnosis of schizophrenia and related psychosis. Over the past 10 years there's been a growing movement towards diverse treatments for schizophrenia other than the acknowledged role of medication as a treatment modality (Birchwood and Tarrier 1993). Developments in psychological theory have led to a number of innovative psychological treatments drawn from human experimental psychology such as behavioural and social psychology and cognitive science. Therapies based on cognitive behavioural theory have been rapidly developing, initially for the so called 'neurotic disorders' but in recent years evidence has accumulated to suggest that these cognitive behavioural approaches can be effective for those people suffering from psychosis ( Williams 1995). The aim of this assignment is to explore the basis of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and review its' therapeutic application to schizophrenia. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is an evolutionary paradigm that came about a from the merging of the established paradigm of behavioural therapy and contemporary cognitive therapy (Clarke and Fairburn 1997). Behavioural therapy historically focused on anxiety, phobic
Mental health issues - OCD, Anorexia and Post-natal Depression.
Unit 14 Mental Health IssuesA01 Lauren Cryer OCD Definition: Obsessive-compulsive disorder: A psychiatric disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts and compulsive actions, such as cleaning, checking, counting, or hoarding. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), one of the anxiety disorders, is a potentially disabling condition that can persist throughout a person's life. The individual who suffers from OCD becomes trapped in a pattern of repetitive thoughts and behaviours that are senseless and distressing but extremely difficult to overcome. OCD occurs in a spectrum from mild to severe, but if severe and left untreated, can destroy a person's capacity to function at work, at school, or even in the home. . (http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4610) OCD is one of the most common mental health conditions. It is estimated that up to 3 in 100 adults and up to 5 in 100 children and teenagers have OCD. OCD usually starts in early adult life, with men tending to report earlier symptoms than women. However, OCD symptoms can begin at any time, including childhood. The symptoms of OCD can range from mild to severe. For example, some people with OCD will spend about an hour a day engaged in obsessive compulsive thinking and behaviour. For others, the condition can completely take over their life. Symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder While obsessive
To what extent is religious reflection helpful in treatment for anxiety and depression alongside traditional SSRI's in young adults?
"To what extent is religious reflection helpful in treatment for anxiety and depression alongside traditional SSRI's in young adults?" Mahek Hussain . What is a treatment plan?.............................................................................................................................3 2. What do the commonly prescribed drugs do?..............................................................................................4 3. How can being mindful achieve the same results as the prescribed drugs……………………………………………….4 4. How do religious practices offer any benefit?................................................................................................4 5. Forms of prayer that are regarded as religious reflection………………………………………………………………………….5 6. How do schemas of the mind play into success rates after treatment………………………………………………………..5 7. How does the wellness of atheists compare to those who place their belief in something? ……………………….6 8. Are there any perceived negatives to engaging in religious reflection?..............................................................6 9. Is religious reflection used as a coping method rather than corrective treatment, and is that the correct place for it in
