The Great Depression
Chris Jay Jay 1 IB History Of The Americas Ms. Foster (B) 23 March 2007 The Great Depression Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal and the depression relief scheme of Brazil's Getulio Vargas were in some ways similar, but also in some ways different. Vargas's and Roosevelt's measures imparted to ordinary citizens, in most cases for the first time, the premise that government cared about them and would defend their interests. They were both created to try to get their country out of the depression and satisfy the needs of the ordinary citizen. However, these two leaders had some different ideas on how to do this. Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal consisted of essentially two types of reforms; social and economic. One of the most important of his economic reforms was the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933. The purpose of this act was to get people back permanently so they would be able to buy more goods which would simulate industry and help the economy to function normally again. Included in this act was the introduction of the Public Works Administration which provided money for the building of useful public works including dams, bridges, hospitals, roads, schools, and government buildings. The most important part of building all these things was it created several million extra jobs. Another important part of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933
Depression- Biological Explanations
Discuss biological explanation of depression. (25 marks) In order for depression to be diagnosed the person needs to show at least five of these symptoms everyday for a minimum of two weeks. These clinical characteristics for depression can be emotional symptoms; this can involve sadness, melancholy, self-involvement, guilt and even thoughts of suicide. Another characteristic could be a lack of motivation including passivity, loss of interest and energy. The person could also have cognitive problems such as thoughts of hopelessness, pessimism and lack of self-esteem. Finally there can be somatic symptoms such as loss or increase of appetite and weight, and sleep disturbances. Depression is a mood disorder which can have different variations; Unipolar disorder is most common and most severe form of depression and bipolar disorder is where the condition occurs in episodes of depression, periods of normality and periods of mania. This can be caused genetics which can predispose the individual to the disorder. Furthermore we would expect to find that relatives have similar chances of developing the disorder. Evidence from this can come from twin studies; MZ twins share 100% of their genes whereas DZ twins only have 50%. If genes are to be a facto in depression we would expect a higher number of MZ twins to share the disorder. One study based on nearly 200 pairs of twins found
Depression - Gender Differences.
DEPRESSION: GENDER DIFFERENCES Among the myriad differences between men and women is the manner in which they are influenced by and respond to depression. From environmental to social and cultural to chemical, the divergent factors that categorize depression as having separate indicators and consequences. Among other methods, organizational therapy employs the use of clarification between people and events in order to ascertain a basis of the depression; as a means by which to establish a relationship between the issues and the individuals who bring them to light, organizational therapy is a way to correlate the association between "life cycle events and the onset of problems" (Stanton, 1992, p. 331). As well, the fact that depression manifests itself differently between men and women draws upon research for such conclusions, which clearly demonstrate the physical variances. Chemical imbalance in the brain has long been thought to be the cause for depression. But researchers at Washington University have discovered possible structural abnormalities in the brain as well. The prefrontal cortex has been found to be smaller in the brains of the depressed person. In fact, depressed patients have been found to have a drastically smaller volume of a section of the left PFC that sits behind the bridge of the nose. In some cases this section is up to forty percent smaller in
The Great Depression
The Great Depression By Drake Parker Most everyone has at least heard of the Great Depression that hit America by storm in the early twentieth century. Even though people are taught about the Great Depression, I personally think that a lot of people do not understand the severity that it caused and the livelihoods that it forever changed. The Great Depression, which lasted over a period of ten years, resulted in a lot of heartache for many nations worldwide (Fraser, 2010). As for the United States, the worst of the Great Depression harbored between 1929 through 1933 (Fraser, 2010). The Great Depression went down into history as being the worst traumatic economic moment for the United States (Paul Evans). It is still recognized for being the longest and severe depression that has ever been experienced by the Western hemisphere (Romer). The Great Depression originated in the United States causing drastic declines in output, severe unemployment, and heightened deflation in almost every country of the world (Romer). To this day economist and historians are still trying to analyze what really happened in the quake of the Great Depression, along with understanding the true underlying causes that created this grave crisis (Fraser, 2010). Even though the Great Depression will be forever stamped in history books as the economic meltdown of the twentieth century, we as Americans can
Discuss biological and psychological explanations of depression
Discuss biological and psychological explanations of depression (30marks) There is a key distinction between major depression (unipolar depression) and manic depression (bipolar depression). According to DSM-IV, major depressive episodes require 5 symptoms to occur nearly every day for a minimum of two weeks. These symptoms include emotional symptoms (sad, depressed mood), motivational symptoms (changes in activity levels, passivity), somatic symptoms (insomnia, hypersomnia), and cognitive symptoms (negative self concept, hopelessness). Patients with bipolar depression experience both depression and mania (a mood state involving elation, talkativeness, and unjustified high self esteem). Around 10% of men and 20% of women become clinically depressed at some time in their lives and over 90% of these people will suffer from unipolar rather than bipolar depression. In addition to the distinction between the two types of depression, unipolar depression is split into a further two categories; reactive depression- a reaction to a stressful event, such as the death of a loved one and the event triggers and episode of depression and endogenous depression- depression from within a person, for instance it may be due to hormonal imbalances. Endogenous depression is linked to biological factors, whereas with reactive depression an individual may have a genetic predisposition to
Great Depression: Causes
Great Depression: Causes Introduction The Wall Street crash of 29 Oct 1929 and the Great Depression that followed were such a shock to most Americans that some early attempts to explain their causes blamed sunspot activity or medieval prophecy. A few held it to be divine retribution on a people who had indulged themselves in a decade of hedonism after World War I and were due for a sobering experience. Others recognized that the 1920s had brought hints of an agricultural recession, amid uninhibited business speculation. No philosophical consensus The efforts of economic historians to understand and explain the causes of the Great Depression of the 1930s have been characterized by a degree of `theological´ controversy. This divides adherents of the various economic philosophies, communist and capitalist, monetarist from Keynesian and others. Their lack of consensus in explaining the Great Depression stems from these distinctive philosophical starting points. The price of `get rich quick´ In summary, the Wall Street crash was caused by excessive speculation in the stock market during the late 1920s. This was a symptom of the feverish `get rich quick´ mentality that had accompanied almost a decade of growth following post-war reconversion. Then the over-valued commodity markets suddenly lost confidence, and prices tumbled. This set in motion a sequence of
'Nothing but economic depression and dole-queues.
'Nothing but economic depression and dole-queues." How far do you agree with this view of life in Britain in the 1930s? In 1929 Britain was hit by a sever depression following the Wall Street Crash. In the 1930s Britain suffered widespread unemployment, poverty and hardship; the Devil's decade in popular preconceptions. The statement in question is accurate to a certain extent but it is too much of a generalisation as degree of depression varied depending on class and region. In areas of Britain where the old, staple industries were concentrated the devastating effects of the great depression were mainly suffered where the highest peaks of unemployment rates were registered. With the end of the war the staple industries had inevitably lost their market causing demand to fall and the businesses were therefore obliged to cut costs mainly by making more and more employees redundant. In 1932 unemployment reached its peak with 3 million people (22% of the insured workforce) without a job however in some areas, such as Jarrow, the situation of unemployment was even worse. Mass unemployment, or more specifically structural unemployment, was a regional phenomenon. Many people that had lost their job fell under the poverty line, in fact during the 1930's 8 million people lived on the dole and it was calculated that around 30% of the population could be considered poor. The
Freezing Point Depression
Level 1 Pharmacy Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy 315PMY105 Name: Catherine Magee Student number: 13324063 Practical: 3 - Freezing Point Depression Aims • Demonstration of the effect of solutes used in aqueous formulations on the freezing point of water. • Application of the knowledge of the depression of freezing point to the determination of the molecular weight of an unknown sample. Learning Objectives • Development of the laboratory skills related to weighing samples, making solutions and measuring freezing point depression values • To increase the understanding of the colligative properties of electrolytes and non-electrolytes • Development of computer skills in excel. Introduction Depression of freezing point is one of the colligative properties easiest to measure (others are vapour pressure, boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure). Colligative properties depend on the number of particles present in a solution. The equation for depression of freezing point is as follows: T = Kf i m Where: Kf = molal freezing point depression constant (1.86°C/m for water) m = the molality of the solution (moles of solute/kg solvent) i = the number of particles produced per formula unit Because colligative properties depend on the number of particles in solution, a one molal solution of an electrolyte (NaCl) which dissociates
The Great Depression
The Great Depression The depression originated in the U.S., starting with the fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929 and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). From there, it quickly spread to almost every country in the world. In June 1930 Congress approved the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act which raised tariffs on thousands of imported items. The intent of the Act was to encourage the purchase of American-made products by increasing the cost of imported goods, while raising revenue for the federal government and protecting farmers. Other nations increased tariffs on American-made goods in retaliation, reducing international trade, and worsening the Depression. By 1932, unemployment had reached 23.6%, and it peaked in early 1933 at 25%, drought persisted in the agricultural heartland, businesses and families defaulted on record numbers of loans, and more than 5,000 banks had failed. Hundreds of thousands of Americans found themselves homeless, and began congregating in shanty towns - dubbed Hoovervilles - that began to appear across the country. In response, President Hoover and Congress approved the Federal Home Loan Bank Act, to spur new home construction, and reduce foreclosures. The final attempt of the Hoover Administration to stimulate the economy was the passage of the Emergency Relief and
The Great Depression.
A simple way to explain the situation of the Great Depression is dismal. Entire families were uprooted from the solid foundations that they created several years before. This was a time of immeasurable economic instability, and as many of us have read, the depression started with the atrocious crash of the stock market in 1929. It is true that the crash was the fire starter for this grave situation, but our countries economy troubles started to crumble throughout the twenties. The whole situation caused many problems for society such as poverty, hunger, and many questions about our great countries economic foundation. The Great Depression was not only caused by the crash of the stock market, but by expensive tariffs on imported products, surpluses in production and farming, unequally distribution of funds, a laissez-faire attitude by the government, and a panic over the financial situation. The unequal distribution of wealth throughout America was the single largest cause of the depression of 1930's. From the beginning of the twenties, the total income of the U.S. jumped from $74 billion dollars in 1922, to an astonishing $89 billion dollars in 1929. On paper this jump looked good, but the gains were so unevenly distributed. Unbelievably, the bottom 40% of American's income was equal to that of the top 0.1% of American's income showing that the gap between the wealthy
