Psychological perspectives for Health and Social Care
________________ Psychological perspectives for Health and Social Care In this assignment I will be talking about the principle of six psychological perspectives. The behaviourist perspective: The main assumption of this perspective is that all behaviour is shaped and learned by the environment. It is when people are being controlled by their environment and particularly that individuals are the reason of what we have learnt from their environment. This perspective helps us understand any type of behaviour by looking at what the person has learned. Classical conditioning is one of the theories of learning in the behaviourist perspective. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) developed this theory. Pavlov tested his theory by training a dog to learn that his food is ready whenever he hears a bell. He did this by using an unconditioned response (which was the dog’s salivation) and an unconditioned stimulus which was the food. He then trained the dog to learn that the bell was associated with food thus the dog salivated every time he heard the bell. So now the conditioned response was the dog’s salivation and the conditioned stimulus was the bell. Operant Conditioning is another theory of the behaviourist perspective and it was developed by B.F Skinner. He mainly used to work with rats and pigeons to learn some of the key principles of learning new behaviours. He did an experiment
Sherlock Holmes
Examine how Arthur Conan Doyle builds tension and sustains mystery for the reader in 'The Speckled Band' The speckled band is a fiction story about a well known detective called Sherlock Holmes working solving crimes or investigations. This particular investigation is about the death of lady called Julia Stoner, just weeks before her wedding, her sister Helen believes she was either frightened to death or killed by gypsies, not knowing the exact truth for her sister's death; she went to Sherlock Holmes to seek for advice as she is concerned what the future awaits. Dr Roylott who lives with Helen Stoner, the stepfather of both girls is one of the main characters in this story, who may be the villain however with the gypsies living in the same area and wild animals roaming freely, the suspect cannot be for certain. The main mystery of this story is how Julia stoner died and what does the speckled band actually mean as these were the last words that Julia actually said, as the title has a great importance in the story, The adventure of the speckled band was published in 1892, and is widely admired as one of the best written and most exciting Sherlock Holmes stories. Queen Victoria reigned over Britain at this period. Urban city life was hard as people had to live in cramped conditions. The average life in the Victorian times was to live up to forty years. Crime was rife at the
romeo and juliet essay
Who or what is to blame for the tragic consequences of Romeo and Juliet? Written in the Elizabethan times, The Unconquerable love and heroic actions that have taken place in this romantic tragedy really make it stand out as one of Shakespeare greatest tales. It is an enchanting tale between two "death-marked" lovers who are deeply in love with each other and have no control over what happens. It is this that leads Romeo and Juliet to the sorrowful and tragic death. It is hard to establish who is to blame for the death of these two "star-cross'd lovers" because there are many reasons of why they had such misfortune. The blame could go to anything from the vicious and a persistent feud between their families to the two couples themselves or friar Laurence, the nurse maybe the prince of Verona or something far greater, fate! In this essay it will be argued that it just wasn't one aspect that affected this distressing outcome. Even before the opening scene the prologue suggests that fate will come between these lovers and keep them apart. "...A pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life... ...The fearful passage of their death-mark'd love..." In addition to the prologue. In the opening scene there is a wide array of action and drama. Shakespeare introduces us to the various personalities and their perspectives. An ancient feud is what brings the two families together, part
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Family Interventions for Psychosis.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Family Interventions for Psychosis Helen Healy, David Reader and Kenny Midence INTRODUCTION Psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia are not new in the research literature. Psychological treatments have been previously used in the treatment of schizophrenia. For example in terms of behaviour therapy, operant approaches such as token economy programmes were used in the 1960s and 1970s to improve the behaviour of patients in long stay hospitals. However, the evidence suggests that the clinical gains were limited and did not generalise beyond the therapeutic setting and also did not address delusional convictions (Alford 1986; Himadi et al 1991). Other psychological treatments for schizophrenia can be traced to early work devoted to studying the impact of the social environment on mental illness. A plethora of early studies focused on the role of the family environment in the maintenance of schizophrenia which in turn led to the concept of expressed emotion (Brown et al 1972; Brown & Rutter 1996). Family interventions were first developed as a method for reducing levels of expressed emotion among relatives and are now recognised as a significant aspect in the treatment of schizophrenia. This approach marked a paradigmatic shift in the way family members were viewed by clinicians and has led to efforts to improve communication between
Domestic violence. The following essay will concentrate on patriarchal-terrorism (Gilchrist et al. 2004) meaning the non-sexual violence of men against their female intimate partners. This kind of aggression was given many names since its social
Introduction The following essay will concentrate on "patriarchal-terrorism" (Gilchrist et al. 2004) meaning the non-sexual violence of men against their female intimate partners. This kind of aggression was given many names since its "social construction" in the 1970ies (Mehrotra 1999), such as wife-battering, partner or spouse-abuse, family or intimate violence (Straus, 1978, Gondolf, 1988, Gilchrist et al. 2004). Nevertheless, the still most common term "Domestic Violence" (Stanko, 2001, 2004, Hague et al. 2003, Shipway 2004) is used in the following when selected theories of violence in general and Domestic Violence (DV) in particular are presented before a taxonomy of offender-types is introduced and critically evaluated with regard to an appropriate intervention. Both the extent of Domestic Violence and the risk of serious injuries are high in the UK (Stanko, 2001, Walby & Allen, 2004). One in four women reported physical assault by a current or former partner in their life (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). Nearly, a sixth of all violent crime is domestic (Dodd et al. 2004). In 2001, 2 women were killed every week by their husbands (Stanko, 2001). Around 12, 9 million incidents of Domestic Violence against women occurred in 2003/4 (Walby & Allen. 2004). As violence-related terms are highly controversial (Berkowitz, 1993), they must be clarified. According to Blackburn (1993:
Anti-social Behaviour Coursework
ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR AND AGGRESSION. > Antisocial acts are those that show a lack of feeling and concern for the welfare of others (Baron and Richardson1994) > Aggressive behaviour is viewed as the most disturbing form of antisocial behaviour. > Aggressive behaviour can subdivided - * Antisocial aggression - All behaviour that is intended to inflict physical or mental harm on an individual who does not want to be so treated - (Penrod 1983) * Pro-social aggression - Police action * Sanctioned aggression - Self defence * Aggression can be overt behaviours or covert feelings that are not always acted upon. > Societies need people not to behave in an antisocial way - therefore laws, sanctions, police, and rewards. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF AGGRESSION - SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY - BERKOWITZ (1989) and BANDURA (1965) Most behaviour (including aggressive behaviour) is learned. It is claimed that aggressive behaviour is learned either through direct experience or by observing others. Learning by direct experience - If a child pushes another child and as a result gets something they want, the action is reinforced and is more likely to occur in similar situations in the future. (Skinner - Operant reinforcement) Learning by vicarious experience - observational learning occurs when a child sees a role model behaving in a particular way and reproduces that behaviour.
An experiment to show the progress of osmosis in potato tissues.
An experiment to show the progress of osmosis in potato tissues. Aim The aim of this coursework is to investigate the rate of osmosis in different concentrations of sugar solution using potato tissues. Prediction I think that in sugar solutions of high concentration, the mass of the potato will go down. This is due to the rules of Osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration. There are two types of diffusion. These are: * Partially permeable membrane. This allows SOME particles to diffuse through things and not others. Most cell membranes are permeable to water. Diffusion of water through a partially permeable is 'The direction and rate of osmosis which depends on the differences in water concentration between the two sides of the membrane until equilibrium'. Only water molecules are small enough 2 diffuse through a partially permeable membrane. The tendency for water to move through a partially permeable membrane is described as its water potential and is at a maximum in pure water, if sugar is added to the solution, it lowers the water potential. The water potential depends on how much sugar solution is added. In high concentrations of water, the amount of sugar is low and in low concentrations of water, the amount of sugar is high. As the
Compare and contrast the ways in which the writers of 'Frankenstein' and 'The Picture of Dorian Gray' encourage the reader to apportion blame for the crimes committed in the novels.
Compare and contrast the ways in which the writers of Frankenstein and The Picture of Dorian Gray encourage the reader to apportion blame for the crimes committed in the novels. Throughout Frankenstein and The Picture of Dorian Gray, Mary Shelley and Oscar Wilde influence the way in which blame is apportioned to certain characters for the crimes committed in order to communicate the underlying themes and morals of the novels. The apportioning of blame is necessary in both authors' examination of the causes of criminal behaviour, particularly the common 'nature vs. nurture' debate. Throughout the novels the authors question and criticise the motivations of their protagonists, contrasting the concept of an intrinsically evil being with one who is born innocent and later corrupted. Both authors strive to expose the essential duplicity of existence: the concept of the shades of light and dark contained within humanity, but also of how the expectations and pressures of society can force a person to lead a double life. It is particularly interesting to compare the characters of Frankenstein's monster and Dorian Gray in light of this, as despite their obvious differences both are depicted as committing horrific crimes. Both authors link physical appearance to an assessment of character. The initial physical description contributes to how a reader would immediately respond to a
How Is Othello Viewed By Others And How Does He View Himself
How Is Othello Viewed By Others And How Does He View Himself? The Shakespearian tragedy 'Othello' is a story of immensely contrasting opinions where jealously rules rife over the flawed, but heroic leading character. With racism even alive today, the fact that this character was of dark skin raised even more controversy around the Shakespearian era. The audience that would have first viewed this play would have had preconceptions about the personality and the role that Othello would ensue. Due to the stereotypical and racist viewpoints that people held at this time, black was in any case a colour associated with evil or deformity, therefore the character of the black Othello was expected to be violent, jealous, treacherous and most likely associated with witchcraft. Shockingly, especially for the people of the Shakespearian era, Othello does not relate to this stereotype and is in fact quite the opposite at the start of the play- the calm and strongly composed character. Some of these stereotypical 'black' traits however are indeed seen in the play, but controversially from another character, the white Iago, who incidentally plays the role of the evil manipulator. Othello's character is portrayed to the reader in his composed first words- 'Tis better as it is'. The line being only a half-line proves his characters' firm but comfortable personality, needing only to say the
Crohn's disease
Introduction A 17 year old woman, born and raised in Russia, was admitted to the hospital with a 5 month history of bloody diarrhoea, weight loss of 9 kg, weakness, anorexia, low grade fever and episodes of pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant. There was no family history of inflammatory bowel disease or colon cancer. Physical examination revealed mild abdominal tenderness, mostly confined to the right lower quadrant. The laboratory tests showed a mild anaemia of 10.5 haemoglobin (normal is11.5 to 15.5 g/dl), a serum ferritin of 8.75 (normal is12-237 ng/ml) and a serum folate of 4.9 ng/ml (normal is 5.3-14.4 ng/ml). Stool samples were negative for infectious organisms. A pregnancy test was also negative. The health care professional suspected that Crohn's disease was the cause of the symptoms and further investigations to confirm diagnosis was suggested. This report will discuss the pathway of the patient undergoing various diagnostic imaging investigations in the initial diagnosis of Crohn's disease. What is Crohn's Disease? Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease affecting any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus frequently leading to discontinuous inflammation, bowel strictures, ileus and fistulas (Podolsky, 2002). About 31,000 people in England and 1,800 in Wales have Crohn's disease and there are about 2,650 new cases each
