(P6) Explain appropriate methods of prevention/control for a named communicable disease and a named non-communicable disease
(P6) Explain appropriate methods of prevention/control for a named communicable disease and a named non-communicable disease Communicable diseases are diseases that are transmissible from one person, or animal, to another. Communicable diseases may be spread directly, through another organism (known as a vector) or through the environment. Illness will arise when the infectious agent invades the host (person or animal), or sometimes as a result of toxins produced by bacteria in food. The organisms that cause communicable diseases vary in size. They range from viruses which are too small to be seen by a light microscope to intestinal worms which may be more than a metre long. Examples of organisms that cause communicable diseases are bacteria which causes diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis; viruses which cause diseases such as measles, influenza and common cold; Fungi which causes ringworm and athlete’s foot; protozoa which causes malaria; tapeworm which causes filariasis and onchocerciasis. Transmission of communicable diseases can either be direct or indirect. Direct transmission can occur by direct contact with the infected person via touching, kissing or sex. It may also occur by droplet spread through coughing or sneezing. Indirect transmission can occur via other organisms (vectors) which carry the disease agents from the source to the host. Non communicable
Schizophrenia: Is it preventable? How symptoms are derived from underlying defects:
Schizophrenia: Is it preventable Schizophrenia can be defined as the most severe psychiatric disorder which causes bizarre behavior, withdrawal from the reality, emotional instability and disorganized speech and thinking. Schizophrenia is a widespread issue because it does not only affect the individual itself but rather the family taking care of the person as well. Due to the fact that the person tend to suffer from disordered thoughts with the disease, they become ineffective in communicating with others. Schizophrenia is not dominant in any race or a particular sex in the population. It usually strikes the individual around the ages of fifteen and forty years which has a great impact on youth but never before fifteen or after the age of forty. Symptoms: Just like symptoms in other illnesses, there are also some in schizophrenia. The symptoms can vary among individuals. One of the key factors to recognize the onset of schizophrenia is personality changes. At first, it may be unnoticed but the symptoms may get obvious after a period of time. Delusion may cause a person to believe that they are being controlled by external forces such as aliens, cops etc. Hallucination results in a person seeing, believing, smelling , talking and hearing things that do not really exist to others around them. Strange behavior may develop including laughing without a cause, talking to
Blood and the Circulation - Blood pressure and carbon dioxides effect on the heart.
Blood and the Circulation Blood pressure and carbon dioxides effect on the heart The heart responds to both changes in blood pressure and changes in carbon dioxide levels in the blood. The pumping of the heart, combines with the narrowness of the smaller blood vessels, produces considerable pressure in the arteries. This is what we mean by blood pressure. It is important that our blood pressure should be reasonably high because it keeps the blood on the move. The heart rate responds to changes in blood pressure and the blood pressure goes up and down as the heart beats. It is highest when the heart contracts, systolic pressure, and lowest when the heart relaxes, diastolic pressure. This happens as there are pressure receptors in the walls of some of the main arteries. If the blood pressure rises then these receptors send impulses to the medulla. The medulla then sends impulses to the heart to decrease the heart rate and bring the blood pressure back to normal. If blood pressure falls below normal, impulses are sent to the heart from the medulla to increase the heart rate and blood pressure. The blood pressure is also affected by sodium chloride intake, as high intake of salt (sodium chloride) in the diet can increase the blood pressure. The heart rate also responds to changes in carbon dioxide levels in the blood. During exercise, extra carbon dioxide is produced by
Use of selective and differential media to identify bacteria
Introduction MacConkey agar is generally used in the isolation of gram-negative bacteria and the differentiation of lactose fermenting from lactose non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria. MacConkey agar is also common to differentiate bacteria by their characteristics to ferment sugars other than lactose such as lactose is being replaced in the medium by another sugar. These modified media are widely used to differentiate gram-negative bacteria or to differentiate between phenotypes with mutations (Vasanthakumari, 2009). MacConkey can be either selective or differential media to be used in the isolation and differentiation of gram negative rods. The inclusion of crystal violet and bile salts in the media prevent the growth of gram-positive bacteria and fastidious gram-negative bacteria . Some gram negative bacteria are able to tolerate bile due to their relatively bile-resistant outer membrane which protects the bile-sensitive cytoplasmic membrane. Gram negative bacteria growing on the media are differentiated by their characteristic to ferment sugar lactose. Bacteria that can ferment lactose causes the pH of the MacConkey media to drop and the change in pH is detected to be red in colour. As the pH continues to drop in the media, the neutral red is then absorbed by the bacteria which appears as bright pink to red colonies on the agar (Pattison et al., 2008). Gram-negative
Flooding Case Study: LEDC - Bangladesh.
Flooding Case Study: LEDC - Bangladesh Sources - Video 'Living with flooding' (Video 46-4) Geofile - Bangladesh Flood Management (Factsheet 45) Living with floods - Bangladesh (Article) Location Bangladesh is located in south asia, adjacent to inida. Its location plays a major role in the occurrence of tropical storms and therefore the flooding. Having a coast to the warm waters of the indian oceans means tropical forms can form and attack the Bangladeshi coast. The Causes of the Flooding Bangladesh has always been a natural hotspot for flooding. There are, in general, two major causes of the flooding, the fluvial flooding and the cyclonic flooding. The major causing of the flooding is due to the fluvial snowmelt in the high Himalayas. When this is combined with the monsoon rain there is a peak amount of discharge in the three major rivers of the area. When it isn't the monsoon season, heavy rainfall on the hills and flood plains of Bangladesh causes similar results to monsoon rain. If anything this causes can be more damaging even though the flooding is less severe, people are less prepared outside of the monsoon season. Flash floods are caused by heavy rainfall in and flooding of the surrounding rivers. These have been made worse recently due to the increase in deforestation in the area. The other major source of flooding is down to the storm surge floods,
Food and Diets
Ch. 10 Food and Diets [?????] (Notes) HK people's diet (lunch or dinner at foodshop) --> too much salt, fats (causes coronary heart disease), energy/sugar (snack eg. soft drink/chocolates), food additives (eg. artificial pigments); NOT enough vitamin, dietary fibre. [??????????????, ???????(??????????)???/? (?? eg. ??/???)?????? (eg. ????); ??????(?????C)? ????] Mode of nutrition (human): heterotrophic nutrition (consume organic food); the organism: heterotroph [???????: ????(???????); ????????: ????? Food types [????]: . Carbohydrates[?????]: sources: starch (_______________), sugar (_____________) [??:??( ),?( )] - In gut: starch/sugar is digested to glucose --> absorb by blood (blood glucose) --> release energy by respiration in cells. [????, ??/???????? --> ????(??????) --> ???????????????] (In answering questions about digestion, we usually cannot directly state that we digest starch into glucose, but starch --> maltose-->glucose. But in this question, we only consider the general results of digestion, therefore we stated that starch has been digested into glucose. In fact, this already includes many processes.) [????????, ??????????????????, ????-->???-->???, ?????? ????????, ?????????????, ??????????/???] - Excess[??]: stored as glycogen in liver & muscles, still excess, it is converted to fat and store under skin [???????????; ???,
The State is an entity expected to provide its citizens with protection, order, and stability.
Does it provide protection? Does it maintain stability? Does it prevent chaos? Does the state honestly fulfill its role? The State is an entity expected to provide its citizens with protection, order, and stability. It is the backbone of society; a source of both stability and strength. Individuals agree, "we judge a society by how we treat our elderly, needy, and sick" (Doerksen, 1). Based on this statement, the Canadian State is not living up to society's expectations. In Canada "social policies are being redesigned to diminish their impact on provincial and federal budgets" (Harder, 176). Recent welfare cuts confirm the notion that the government can no longer satisfy the roles and responsibilities towards the state. These social program cuts have revealed the government's failure to suitably perform its duties of protection, stability and order. Protection is the primary function of the state. This remains ignored by the recent modifications to the welfare scheme. Lipson claims that state protection is a reflection of the citizens "desire for security of life and limb" (43); a force, which citizens can believe will safeguard and defend them. Presently, the state fails to protect the basic needs of its people. The new legislation will force over 29 000 welfare recipients off government funding in April 2004 (Jones, 1). This vigorous action demonstrates the conventional
Introduction to Philosophy
Introduction to Philosophy Exam 1 Heidi Bassett Sep 27, 2006 Mr. Anderson's class . What are meant by rationality, universality, and Objectivity to me is that (1)Rationalism is a philosophical movement declaring that the most certain form of knowledge is derived from reason and that our senses are not reliable submitters of information about the outer world. The senses, according to the rationalists, can not tell us real truth, we could dream that we are the king of the world and not truly be, but the angles. Knowledge from reason alone and not experience is known as a priori. The mind's ability to present reasons, evidence, and arguments is supported by our beliefs. A person that is rational is a person who thinks instead of simply reacting, who recognizes herd truths when they are unpleasant, or who tries to make logical connections among his of her beliefs, and to test those beliefs against the facts. Universality is another word for rationality. If a truth is universal, then it must derive from out reason, because it is reason that we all share, and that is therefore universal. Universality implies objectivity, since what is true for everyone that cannot be based on our subjective and variable nature. I now have very serious doubts about universality, the third of the three traditional hallmarks of philosophical truth. Well I never had any beliefs on any of this
A 75-year-old man has experienced a cerebral vascular event, which has resulted in motor problems affecting the right side of his body - "Explain the pathophysiological reasons for the problems this man is experiencing."
Contributory Science Year 2 Entry 56 Stroke Essay: Part I A 75-year-old man has experienced a cerebral vascular event, which has resulted in motor problems affecting the right side of his body. "Explain the pathophysiological reasons for the problems this man is experiencing." Cerebrovascular events (CVE) are the third leading cause of death and the single greatest cause of severe disability (Department of Health 2001, Wilkinson 1999). In the UK 110,000 people experience a first CVE, 30,000 go on to have further CVEs (Department of Health 2001). Initially CVE presents as an acute medical emergency, initially requiring complex care, and may result in long-term disability. Part I of this essay will explain the pathophysiology of a left hemisphere CVE resulting in motor dysfunction on the right side of the body. CVE is a descriptive term for the end point of several different pathological processes (Warlow 1987). Symptoms of CVE are a result of the interruption of the blood flow by occlusion of blood vessels causing ischaemia or haemorrhage caused by damage to blood vessels which causes anoxic damage to brain tissue (Gleb 2000). CVE due to cerebral ischaemia accounts for 80% cases (Gleb 2000). The human brain has a high metabolic rate, using 20% of the body's oxygen at rest (Cohen 1999). Ischaemic CVE occurs when cerebral blood supply is interrupted causing
The Carbon Cycle
The Carbon Cycle The Carbon Cycle is a complex series of processes through which all of the carbon in existence rotates. Carbon is an essential element which is used in life process like photosynthesises which occurs in daytime in the presence of sunlight and carbon in the gaseous form of carbon dioxide. All green plants are known as producers because they can produce their own food via the process of photosynthesis. The green plant is always the start of any food chain and is consumed by the primary consumer. Photosynthesis occurs in the green part of a plant, usually the leaf as chlorophyll is present here, were the carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere through the stomata which are pores caused by guard cell and is stored in the spongy mesophyll layer of the plant were it used alongside light and the green pigment chlorophyll which produces glucose, water and oxygen as the products of the process. The glucose is used by the plant as a food source and the water is mainly lost via transpiration to the atmosphere and oxygen is secreted by the processes of simple diffusion. Plants are autotrophic as they produce their own food. As explained above carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere into the plant for photosynthesis. Another life process which occurs in animals all the time but in plants only in night time in the absence of sun light is Respiration.
