Memory Processing: Does Memory become Less Reliable across the Adult Life Span?
Running head: MEMORY PROCESSING Memory Processing: Does Memory become Less Reliable across the Adult Life Span? Student ID: 2540 (AP206) Southern Cross International College (Path Education Singapore) Does Memory become Less Reliable across the Adult Life Span? ABSTRACT This research proposal is to compare the performance of younger and older adults in terms of automatic and effortful information processing tasks on the hypothesis that automatic processing is performed equally well under incidental and intentional learning conditions, and that performance is not dependent on age, but rather, on the effects of intention and age, the automaticity of frequency-of-occurrence information, and appropriateness of cover task by Hasher and Zacks (1979). Based on their studies, some subjects were tested on recall of names of common objects known as effortful processing, while others gave frequency-of-occurrence estimations known as automatic processing. However, although their analysis of correct frequencies showed only significant effect of age for automatic processing, the analysis on absolute deviation scores showed significant effects of mode-of-learning and interaction. Thus in view of the developed conceptualization of automaticity, this research proposal aims to focus on the effects of intention and age, the automaticity of frequency-of-occurrence information, and
How memory functions.
Summary: 10 pages. 8 sources. APA format. This paper will examine several different processes of how memory functions. We will examine the nature of short term and long term memory, as well as the process in which short term memories become long term memories. We will also look at the way both short term and long term memories are retrieved and stored, and possible reasons why our memory fails Process of Memory Introduction This paper will examine several different processes of how memory functions. We will examine the nature of short term and long term memory, as well as the process in which short term memories become long term memories. We will also look at the way both short term and long term memories are retrieved and stored, and possible reasons why our memory fails. What is Memory? Memory is the retention and retrieval of past experiences. For example, we remember our telephone number for many reasons. In part, we learn to remember our telephone number by repetition, or rehearsal (Atkinson and Shiffrin: 1968). This will likely happen through the process of giving it out to our friends and family. In part, we also learn to remember our telephone number by meaning we derive from patterns embedded in it; perhaps there is an easily retainable sequence in the numbering, or in the way the numbers are arranged on the phone. Perhaps they make an X or Z pattern.
Cognitive perspective memory model
Cognitive Perspective a) Describe one model of information processing that helps in the understanding of one aspect of human cognition [10marks] b) Using psychological theory and/or research, evaluate the model described in part (a) of this question [10marks] a) Describe one model of information processing that helps in the understanding of one aspect of human cognition [10marks] a) One model of information processing that helps in the understanding of short-term memory, is the "Working Memory Model," proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974. This model aims to explain how short-term memory works. Short-term memory is an aspect of human cognition, which is believed to have a short term memory duration, lasting approximately 15 and 30seconds, if it is unrehearsed. Short-term memory is a separate memory store from the long-term memory store. Hence the Working Memory Model focuses on explaining the functions of the short-term memory. The Working Memory Model consists of 3 major components; the central executive, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad. Firstly, the central executive plays a role in organising and distributing information gathered from the long-term memory. It has a limited capacity, and it connects the various functions from the other two components of this memory model, hence it controls the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
Compare and contrast the methods used for research in cognitive psychology, in the areas of language processes and memory and learning
Compare and contrast the methods used for research in cognitive psychology, in the areas of language processes and memory and learning Cognitive psychology can be defined as the study of the way in which the brain processes information. Interest in this area can be traced back to the ancient Greeks, although cognitive psychology as we know it today emerged around the 1950s. Throughout the years this area of psychology has evolved substantially, aided by technological and scientific advances. There are numerous areas in the scope of cognitive psychology, including sensation and perception, attention and selection, language processes, memory and learning and reasoning and problem solving. Each of these areas implements various different research methods to investigate mental processes. This essay aims to first outline these research methods, then focus on the similarities and differences between the methods used in two different areas of cognitive psychology - namely language processes and memory and learning. Research studies will be presented as evidence. Different psychologists name and categorise research methods differently. Best (1995) identifies three main methods in cognitive psychology. These include making inferences from the analysis of error patterns; making inferences from the analysis of reaction times (these are both used in experimental studies) and the use of
Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Essays - review
Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Essays In the Style of Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is said to be " the source from which all great American literature has stemmed" (Smith 127). This is in part attributed to Mark Twain's ability to use humor and satire, as well as incorporating serious subject matter into his work. Throughout the novel Twain takes on the serious issue of Huck's moral dilemma. One such issue which is particularly important in the novel is pointed out by Smith: He swears and smokes, but he has a set of ethics all his own. He believes that slaves belong to their rightful owners, yet in his honest gratitude toward his friend Jim, he helps him to escape the bonds of slavery. (181) This is something that tears at Huck throughout the novel and helps Twain show how complex Huck's character really is. "The recognition of complexity in Huck's character enabled Twain to do full justice to the conflict of vernacular values and the dominant culture" (Smith 125). Throughout Huck and Jim's adventures Huck is constantly playing practical jokes on Jim who seems to take them all in stride. But unknown to the reader Twain uses this aspect as another notch in Huck's moral 2 growth. Critic Frank McGill points this out: Huck's humble apology for the prank he plays on Jim in the fog is striking evidence of growth in Huck's moral insight. It leads naturally to the
Memory and Eyewitness Testimony
. A) Outline findings of memory research into eyewitness testimony. B) Describe one alternative to the multi store model of memory C) Describe and evaluate 2 explanations in forgetting in Long Term Memory 2. A) Describe the procedures and findings of one study into the nature of short-term memory B) Outline findings of research into reconstructive memory C) Outline and evaluate research into the role of emotional factors in memory. A. Loftus and Palmer (1974) found that post event information has a significant effect on memory. In their study they found that when people were given different adjectives to describe a car crash (hit, smashed, collided, bumped or contacted) they would respond differently; the group that were given the word smashed estimated the highest speed 41mpg. In comparison the group given the word contacted estimated the lowest speed, 30mph. Loftus et al (1978) found that when participants were given a misleading question only 45% of participants would give the correct answer whereas when people were given a question consistent with the slide they were shown the correct answer increased with 75%. B. One alternative to the multi store model of memory is the levels of processing model put forward by Craik and Lockhart (1972). The levels of processing model rejects that there are different stores in memory but proposes that memory is a product on how
Investigate the effects of Imagery on Memory recall: Visual Aid & Memory Recall
Investigate the effects of Imagery on Memory recall: Visual Aid & Memory Recall STEPHAN AMARANATH Candidate No. 4204 Centre No. 13156 Table of Contents . Abstract 3 2. Introduction 4 3. Aims & Hypotheses 5 4. Method 6-7 5. Results 8-10 6. Discussion 11-12 7. References & Bibliography 13 8. Appendix 14 Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate in a natural setting whether images aid memory recall as did Bower in 1972. There are two conditions; condition 1 involving a grid of random words supported by images and condition 2 consisting only of random words. 20 participants were used for this research study, 10 were males and 10 were females aged from 16-25 gained through opportunity sampling. There were two groups/conditions of 10 (5 males, 5 females). The independent variables were materials for each condition (random words with images and words without images). The dependent was the recall from each participant. The results measured using central tendency and measures of dispersion, moderately showed participants were able to recall more words in condition 1 (words with images) than of condition 2 (words without images). Example: Mean for Condition 1 = 14.1 Mean for Condition 2 = 12.6 The inferential statistics, which enable us to draw clear conclusions about the likelihood of the hypothesis being true, is evidence for accepting the null hypothesis.
Discuss what psychological research tells us about the accuracy of young children’s memory for events they have participated in.
Discuss what psychological research tells us about the accuracy of young children's memory for events they have participated in. Research in the area of eyewitness testimony sees memory as a reconstructive process. Loftus (1979) argued that the evidence given by witnesses in court cases could be said to be unreliable due to the problem of leading questions. Loftus and Zany (1975) investigated this by showing students a film of a car accident and then asking them to complete a 22-item questionnaire, 6 of which were critical questions. For half the participants the questions included; "did you see a", for the other half the questions included; "did you see the". These questions were about things that didn't happen. The findings showed that 15% of the students in the "did you see the" group said yes compared to 7% in the other group most of whom were more likely to say "don't know". Buckhout (1975) looked at the accuracy of witnesses by staging the shooting of a professor in front of 141 students. The findings showed that the eyewitnesses over estimated the length of time the crime lasted and the weight of the gunman, the also underestimated his age. Seven weeks later only 40% of the witnesses could identify the gunman from photographs; even the 'shot professor' couldn't identify the gunman. Months later Buckhout used a line up of suspects and found that only 14% of witnesses
Memory. here has been much research into the ways which our memory actually stores information in our brains. One of the original theories is Crain and Lockharts Levels of Processing Model,
Memory There has been much research into the ways which our "memory" actually stores information in our brains. One of the original theories is Crain and Lockhart's Levels of Processing Model, which represented the memory of a series of stores and boxes with a fairly linear progression from sensory information to short term store to long term memory. They proposed that the different levels of memory were due to the different levels of "processing", but found it very difficult to quantify what "deep processing" is. A more complicated, yet more plausible theory is the Parallel Distributed Process model which suggests that memory operates on many different levels at one time, connecting many different stored items, which have connections to other items. The evidence for this is seen in our ability to generalize and remember information that we have not specifically "stored". But these theories do not answer the basic question: How exactly does memory work? There have been many experiments conducted to try to determine the answer. Hermann Ebbinghaus was one of the first (1830s) to experimentally pinpoint factors that aid in memory. He proposed that distributed practice (items learned over a period of time rather than all at once) was most effective for long term memory. His findings were later confirmed by an experiment run by Bahrick and Phelps
Long term memory function
Psychology Charlotte Bellis-Ferreira Exam Questions 1 & 2 . Long term memory function is quite different than the limited short term store. There does not seem to be any limit on the quantity of information that can be stored and, once it is stored, it requires little conscious activity such as rehearsal to keep it accessible. However, it often does take some conscious activity to recall some information. Importantly, long term memory depends very much on relationships and structure. It is easy to store away and later retrieve some fact if it relates clearly to something we already know. Things that are completely novel or meaningless are very difficult to remember using long term memory. Short term memory is the retention of information that undergoes little processing or interpretation and can be recalled for only a few seconds. Short-term memory can retain about seven items.. A popular example of short-term memory is the ability to remember a seven-digit telephone number just long enough to dial a call. In most cases, unless the number is consciously repeated several times, it will be forgotten. This is what one might expect given the enormous quantities of information we all carry around with us. We all know the meaning of many thousand words and phrases, we know procedures for
